78 files changed, 10065 insertions, 914 deletions

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 726ea43..769d15f 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+*.eventlog*
+*.hp
+cabal.project.local
 demos/pong/dist/
 demos/pong/pong
 dist/
diff --git a/Demos/Balls/Main.hs b/Demos/Balls/Main.hs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d266d85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Demos/Balls/Main.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-}
+--{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude     #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts      #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE TypeSynonymInstances  #-}
+
+module Main where
+
+import           Spear.App
+import           Spear.Game
+import           Spear.Math.AABB
+import qualified Spear.Math.Matrix3         as Matrix3
+import qualified Spear.Math.Matrix4         as Matrix4
+import           Spear.Math.Spatial
+import           Spear.Math.Spatial2
+import           Spear.Math.Vector
+import           Spear.Physics.Collision
+--import           Spear.Prelude
+import           Spear.Render.Core.Pipeline
+import           Spear.Render.Core.State
+import           Spear.Render.Immediate
+import           Spear.Sound.Sound
+import           Spear.Sound.State
+import           Spear.Window
+
+import           Control.Monad              (when)
+
+
+ballSize = 0.01
+numBalls = 1000
+
+data Ball = Ball
+  { ballPosition :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Vector2
+  , ballVelocity :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Vector2
+  }
+
+instance Positional Ball Vector2 where
+  setPosition p ball = ball { ballPosition = p }
+  position = ballPosition
+  translate v ball = ball { ballPosition = v + ballPosition ball }
+
+instance Bounded2 Ball where
+  boundingVolume ball = aabb2Volume $ translate (ballPosition ball) (AABB2 (-size) size)
+    where size = vec2 s s
+          s    = ballSize / (2::Float)
+
+data World = World
+  { viewProjection :: Matrix4.Matrix4
+  , balls          :: [Ball]
+  }
+
+type GameState = AppState World
+
+
+options = defaultAppOptions { title = "Balls" }
+
+app = App options initGame endGame step render resize
+
+
+main :: IO ()
+main = runApp app
+
+initGame :: Game AppContext World
+initGame =
+  let
+    world          = zipWith Ball positions velocities
+    positions      = (+vec2 0.5 0.5) . makePosition <$> numbers
+    makePosition i = radius * vec2 (sin (f*i)) (cos (f*i))
+    velocities     = makeVelocity <$> numbers
+    makeVelocity i = scale speed $ vec2 (sin (f*i)) (cos (f*i))
+    numbers        = [1..numBalls]
+    f              = 2*pi / numBalls
+    radius         = 0.05
+    speed          = 0.4
+  in
+    return $ World Matrix4.id world
+
+endGame :: Game GameState ()
+endGame = return ()
+
+
+step :: Elapsed -> Dt -> [InputEvent] -> Game GameState Bool
+step elapsed dt inputEvents = do
+  modifyGameState $ \world -> world
+    { balls = moveBalls dt $ balls world
+    }
+  return (not $ exitRequested inputEvents)
+
+exitRequested = elem (KeyDown KEY_ESC)
+
+moveBalls :: Elapsed -> [Ball] -> [Ball]
+moveBalls dt = (bounceBall dt . moveBall dt <$>)
+
+moveBall :: Elapsed -> Ball -> Ball
+moveBall dt ball = translate (scale (realToFrac dt) $ ballVelocity ball) ball
+
+bounceBall :: Elapsed -> Ball -> Ball
+bounceBall dt ball =
+  let
+    (AABB2Volume (AABB2 pmin pmax)) = boundingVolume ball
+    sideCollision = x pmin < 0 || x pmax > 1
+    backCollision = y pmin < 0 || y pmax > 1
+    flipX v@(Vector2 x y) = if sideCollision then vec2 (-x) y else v
+    flipY v@(Vector2 x y) = if backCollision then vec2 x (-y) else v
+    velocity = ballVelocity ball
+    velocity'
+      = flipX
+      . flipY
+      $ velocity
+    collision = velocity' /= velocity
+    -- Apply offset when collision occurs to avoid sticky collisions.
+    delta = if collision then 1 else 0
+    dt' = realToFrac dt
+   in
+    ball
+    { ballPosition = ballPosition ball + scale (delta * dt') velocity'
+    , ballVelocity = velocity'
+    }
+
+
+render :: Game GameState ()
+render = do
+  gameState <- getGameState
+  siblingGame $ do
+    immStart
+    immSetViewProjectionMatrix (viewProjection gameState)
+    -- Clear the background to a different colour than the playable area to make
+    -- the latter distinguishable.
+    setClearColour (0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.0)
+    clearBuffers [ColourBuffer]
+    render' $ balls gameState
+    immEnd
+
+render' :: [Ball] -> Game ImmRenderState ()
+render' balls = do
+  immLoadIdentity
+  renderBackground
+  -- Draw objects.
+  immSetColour (vec4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0)
+  mapM_ renderBall balls
+
+renderBackground :: Game ImmRenderState ()
+renderBackground =
+  let pmin = 0 :: Float
+      pmax = 1 :: Float
+  in do
+    immSetColour (vec4 0.0 0.25 0.41 1.0)
+    immDrawQuads2d [
+      (vec2 pmin pmin
+      ,vec2 pmax pmin
+      ,vec2 pmax pmax
+      ,vec2 pmin pmax)]
+
+renderBall :: Ball -> Game ImmRenderState ()
+renderBall ball =
+  let (AABB2Volume (AABB2 (Vector2 xmin ymin) (Vector2 xmax ymax))) = boundingVolume ball
+  in
+    immDrawQuads2d [
+      (vec2 xmin ymin
+      ,vec2 xmax ymin
+      ,vec2 xmax ymax
+      ,vec2 xmin ymax)]
+
+
+resize :: WindowEvent -> Game GameState ()
+resize (ResizeEvent w h) =
+  let r = fromIntegral w / fromIntegral h
+      pad    = if r > 1 then (r-1) / 2 else (1/r - 1) / 2
+      left   = if r > 1 then -pad else 0
+      right  = if r > 1 then 1 + pad else 1
+      bottom = if r > 1 then 0 else -pad
+      top    = if r > 1 then 1 else 1 + pad
+  in do
+    setViewport 0 0 w h
+    modifyGameState $ \pong -> pong {
+      viewProjection = Matrix4.ortho left right bottom top (-1) 1
+    }
diff --git a/Demos/Pong/Main.hs b/Demos/Pong/Main.hs
index 0237a26..22b1021 100644
--- a/Demos/Pong/Main.hs
+++ b/Demos/Pong/Main.hs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-}
+
 module Main where
 
 import           Pong
@@ -5,66 +7,85 @@ import           Pong
 import           Spear.App
 import           Spear.Game
 import           Spear.Math.AABB
-import           Spear.Math.Matrix4         as Matrix4 hiding (position)
+import           Spear.Math.Matrix4         as Matrix4
 import           Spear.Math.Spatial
 import           Spear.Math.Spatial2
 import           Spear.Math.Vector
+import           Spear.Physics.Collision
 import           Spear.Render.Core.Pipeline
 import           Spear.Render.Core.State
 import           Spear.Render.Immediate
+import           Spear.Sound.Sound
+import           Spear.Sound.State
 import           Spear.Window
 
-import           Data.Maybe                 (mapMaybe)
+import           Control.Monad              (when)
 
 
-data GameState = GameState
-  { window          :: Window
-  , renderCoreState :: RenderCoreState
-  , immRenderState  :: ImmRenderState
-  , viewProjection  :: Matrix4
+data Pong = Pong
+  { viewProjection  :: Matrix4
+  , backgroundMusic :: SoundSource
   , world           :: [GameObject]
   }
 
-app = App step render resize
+type GameState = AppState Pong
+
+
+options = defaultAppOptions { title = "Pong" }
+
+app = App options initGame endGame step render resize
 
-main =
-  withWindow (900, 600) (Just "Pong") initGame endGame $
-    loop app
 
-initGame :: Window -> Game () GameState
-initGame window = do
-  (immRenderState, renderCoreState) <- runSiblingGame newImmRenderer newRenderCoreState
-  return $ GameState window renderCoreState immRenderState Matrix4.id newWorld
+main :: IO ()
+main = runApp app
+
+initGame :: Game AppContext Pong
+initGame = do
+  music <- siblingGame $ do
+    musicBuffer <- loadAudioFile "/home/jeanne/Casual Tiki Party Main.wav"
+    music <- makeSoundSource
+    setSoundSourceBuffer music musicBuffer
+    setSoundLoopMode music Loop
+    playSounds [music]
+    return music
+  return $ Pong Matrix4.id music newWorld
 
 endGame :: Game GameState ()
-endGame = do
-  game <- getGameState
-  runSubGame' (deleteImmRenderer $ immRenderState game) (renderCoreState game)
+endGame = return ()
+
 
 step :: Elapsed -> Dt -> [InputEvent] -> Game GameState Bool
 step elapsed dt inputEvents = do
-  gs <- getGameState
-  let events = translateEvents inputEvents
-  modifyGameState $ \gs ->
-    gs
-      { world = stepWorld (realToFrac elapsed) (realToFrac dt) events (world gs)
-      }
+  appState  <- get
+  gameState <- getGameState
+  events    <- processInput (appWindow appState)
+  --when (events /= []) $ liftIO . putStrLn $ show events
+  modifyGameState $ \pong -> pong
+    { world = stepWorld (realToFrac elapsed) (realToFrac dt) events (world gameState)
+    }
   return (not $ exitRequested inputEvents)
 
+processInput :: Window -> Game GameState [GameEvent]
+processInput window = processKeys window
+  [ (KEY_A, MoveLeft)
+  , (KEY_D, MoveRight)
+  ]
+
+exitRequested = elem (KeyDown KEY_ESC)
+
+
 render :: Game GameState ()
 render = do
   gameState <- getGameState
-  immRenderState' <- flip execSubGame (immRenderState gameState) $ do
+  siblingGame $ do
     immStart
     immSetViewProjectionMatrix (viewProjection gameState)
     -- Clear the background to a different colour than the playable area to make
     -- the latter distinguishable.
-    gameIO $ do
-      setClearColour (0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.0)
-      clearBuffers [ColourBuffer]
+    setClearColour (0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.0)
+    clearBuffers [ColourBuffer]
     render' $ world gameState
     immEnd
-  saveGameState $ gameState { immRenderState = immRenderState' }
 
 render' :: [GameObject] -> Game ImmRenderState ()
 render' world = do
@@ -79,7 +100,7 @@ renderBackground =
   let pmin = 0 :: Float
       pmax = 1 :: Float
   in do
-    immSetColour (vec4 0.6 0.35 0.6 1.0)
+    immSetColour (vec4 0.0 0.25 0.41 1.0)
     immDrawQuads2d [
       (vec2 pmin pmin
       ,vec2 pmax pmin
@@ -87,18 +108,16 @@ renderBackground =
       ,vec2 pmin pmax)]
 
 renderGO :: GameObject -> Game ImmRenderState ()
-renderGO go = do
-  let (AABB2 (Vector2 xmin ymin) (Vector2 xmax ymax)) = aabb go
-      (Vector2 xcenter ycenter) = position go
-  immPreservingMatrix $ do
-    immTranslate (vec3 xcenter ycenter 0)
+renderGO go =
+  let (AABB2Volume (AABB2 (Vector2 xmin ymin) (Vector2 xmax ymax))) = boundingVolume go
+  in
     immDrawQuads2d [
       (vec2 xmin ymin
       ,vec2 xmax ymin
       ,vec2 xmax ymax
       ,vec2 xmin ymax)]
 
--- TODO: Fix the resize hang.
+
 resize :: WindowEvent -> Game GameState ()
 resize (ResizeEvent w h) =
   let r = fromIntegral w / fromIntegral h
@@ -108,16 +127,7 @@ resize (ResizeEvent w h) =
       bottom = if r > 1 then 0 else -pad
       top    = if r > 1 then 1 else 1 + pad
   in do
-    gameIO $ setViewport 0 0 w h
-    modifyGameState $ \state -> state {
+    setViewport 0 0 w h
+    modifyGameState $ \pong -> pong {
       viewProjection = Matrix4.ortho left right bottom top (-1) 1
     }
-
-translateEvents = mapMaybe translateEvents'
-  where translateEvents' (KeyDown KEY_LEFT)  = Just MoveLeft
-        translateEvents' (KeyDown KEY_RIGHT) = Just MoveRight
-        translateEvents' (KeyUp KEY_LEFT)    = Just StopLeft
-        translateEvents' (KeyUp KEY_RIGHT)   = Just StopRight
-        translateEvents' _                   = Nothing
-
-exitRequested = elem (KeyDown KEY_ESC)
diff --git a/Demos/Pong/Pong.hs b/Demos/Pong/Pong.hs
index 104a92e..0df05ea 100644
--- a/Demos/Pong/Pong.hs
+++ b/Demos/Pong/Pong.hs
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE TypeSynonymInstances  #-}
 
 module Pong
-  ( GameEvent (..),
-    GameObject,
-    newWorld,
-    stepWorld,
-    aabb,
-  )
+( GameEvent (..)
+, GameObject
+, newWorld
+, stepWorld
+)
 where
 
 import           Spear.Math.AABB
@@ -16,21 +15,23 @@ import           Spear.Math.Algebra
 import           Spear.Math.Spatial
 import           Spear.Math.Spatial2
 import           Spear.Math.Vector
+import           Spear.Physics.Collision
 import           Spear.Prelude
 import           Spear.Step
 
-import           Data.Monoid         (mconcat)
+import           Data.Monoid             (mconcat)
 
 
 -- Configuration
 
-padSize             = vec2 0.07 0.02
-ballSize            = 0.012 :: Float
-ballSpeed           = 0.6 :: Float
+padSize             = vec2 0.070 0.015
+ballSize            = vec2 0.012 0.012
+ballSpeed           = 0.7 :: Float
 initialBallVelocity = vec2 1 1
 maxBounceAngle      = (65::Float) * (pi::Float)/(180::Float)
 playerSpeed         = 1.0 :: Float
-enemySpeed          = 3.0 :: Float
+enemySpeed          = 7.0 :: Float
+enemyMomentum       = 1.0 :: Float
 initialEnemyPos     = vec2 0.5 0.9
 initialPlayerPos    = vec2 0.5 0.1
 initialBallPos      = vec2 0.5 0.5
@@ -40,16 +41,22 @@ initialBallPos      = vec2 0.5 0.5
 data GameEvent
   = MoveLeft
   | MoveRight
-  | StopLeft
-  | StopRight
-  deriving (Eq, Ord)
+  | Collision GameObjectId GameObjectId
+  deriving (Eq, Show)
 
 -- Game objects
 
+data GameObjectId
+  = Ball
+  | Enemy
+  | Player
+  deriving (Eq, Show)
+
 data GameObject = GameObject
-  { aabb   :: AABB2,
-    basis  :: Transform2,
-    gostep :: Step [GameObject] [GameEvent] GameObject GameObject
+  { gameObjectId   :: !GameObjectId
+  , gameObjectSize :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Vector2
+  , basis          :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Transform2
+  , gostep         :: Step [GameObject] [GameEvent] GameObject GameObject
   }
 
 
@@ -79,108 +86,113 @@ instance Spatial GameObject Vector2 Angle Transform2 where
   transform = basis
 
 
-stepWorld :: Elapsed -> Dt -> [GameEvent] -> [GameObject] -> [GameObject]
-stepWorld elapsed dt evts gos = map (update elapsed dt evts gos) gos
-
-update :: Elapsed -> Dt -> [GameEvent] -> [GameObject] -> GameObject -> GameObject
-update elapsed dt evts gos go =
-  let (go', s') = runStep (gostep go) elapsed dt gos evts go
-   in go' {gostep = s'}
+instance Bounded2 GameObject where
+  boundingVolume obj = aabb2Volume $ translate (position obj) (AABB2 (-size) size)
+    where size = gameObjectSize obj
 
-ballBox, padBox :: AABB2
-ballBox = AABB2 (vec2 (-s) (-s)) (vec2 s s) where s = ballSize
-padBox = AABB2 (-padSize) padSize
 
 newWorld =
-  [ GameObject ballBox (makeAt initialBallPos) $ stepBall initialBallVelocity,
-    GameObject padBox  (makeAt initialEnemyPos)  stepEnemy,
-    GameObject padBox  (makeAt initialPlayerPos) stepPlayer
+  [ GameObject Ball   ballSize (makeAt initialBallPos) $ stepBall initialBallVelocity,
+    GameObject Enemy  padSize  (makeAt initialEnemyPos)  stepEnemy,
+    GameObject Player padSize  (makeAt initialPlayerPos) stepPlayer
   ]
   where makeAt = newTransform2 unitx2 unity2
 
+
+-- Step the game world:
+--   1. Simulate physics.
+--   2. Collide objects and clip -> produce collision events.
+--   3. Update game objects      <- input collision events.
+stepWorld :: Elapsed -> Dt -> [GameEvent] -> [GameObject] -> [GameObject]
+stepWorld elapsed dt events gos@[ball, enemy, player] =
+  let
+    collisions = collide [ball] [enemy, player]
+    collisionEvents = (\(x,y) -> Collision (gameObjectId x) (gameObjectId y)) <$> collisions
+    events' = events ++ collisionEvents
+  in
+    map (update elapsed dt events' gos) gos
+
+update :: Elapsed -> Dt -> [GameEvent] -> [GameObject] -> GameObject -> GameObject
+update elapsed dt events gos go =
+  let (go', s') = runStep (gostep go) elapsed dt gos events go
+   in go' { gostep = s' }
+
+
 -- Ball steppers
 
-stepBall vel = collideBall vel .> moveBall
-
--- TODO: in collideBall and paddleBounce, we should an apply an offset to the
--- ball when collision is detected.
-collideBall :: Vector2 -> Step [GameObject] e GameObject (Vector2, GameObject)
-collideBall vel = step $ \_ dt gos _ ball ->
-  let (AABB2 pmin pmax) = translate (position ball) (aabb ball)
-      collideSide = x pmin < 0 || x pmax > 1
-      collideBack = y pmin < 0 || y pmax > 1
-      collidePaddle = any (collide ball) (tail gos)
-      flipX v@(Vector2 x y) = if collideSide then vec2 (-x) y else v
-      flipY v@(Vector2 x y) = if collideBack then vec2 x (-y) else v
-      vel' = normalise . (\v -> foldl (paddleBounce ball) v (tail gos)) . flipX . flipY $ vel
-      -- A small delta to apply when collision occurs.
-      delta = (1::Float) + if collideSide || collideBack || collidePaddle then (2::Float)*dt else (0::Float)
-   in ((ballSpeed * delta * vel', ball), collideBall vel')
-
-paddleBounce :: GameObject -> Vector2 -> GameObject -> Vector2
-paddleBounce ball v paddle =
-  if collide ball paddle
+stepBall vel = bounceBall vel .> moveBall -- .> clamp
+
+bounceBall :: Vector2 -> Step [GameObject] [GameEvent] GameObject (Vector2, GameObject)
+bounceBall vel = step $ \_ dt gos events ball ->
+  let (AABB2Volume (AABB2 pmin pmax)) = boundingVolume ball
+      sideCollision = x pmin < 0 || x pmax > 1
+      backCollision = y pmin < 0 || y pmax > 1
+      flipX v@(Vector2 x y) = if sideCollision then vec2 (-x) y else v
+      flipY v@(Vector2 x y) = if backCollision then vec2 x (-y) else v
+      collideWithPaddles vel = foldl (paddleBounce ball events) vel (tail gos)
+      vel' = normalise
+           . collideWithPaddles
+           . flipX
+           . flipY
+           $ vel
+      collision = vel' /= vel
+      -- Apply offset when collision occurs to avoid sticky collisions.
+      delta = (1::Float) + if collision then (3::Float)*dt else (0::Float)
+   in ((ballSpeed * delta * vel', ball), bounceBall vel')
+
+paddleBounce :: GameObject -> [GameEvent] -> Vector2 -> GameObject -> Vector2
+paddleBounce ball events vel paddle =
+  let collision = Collision Ball (gameObjectId paddle) `elem` events
+  in if collision
   then
-    let (AABB2 pmin pmax) = translate (position paddle) (aabb paddle)
+    let (AABB2Volume (AABB2 pmin pmax)) = boundingVolume paddle
         center = (x pmin + x pmax) / (2::Float)
         -- Normalized offset of the ball from the paddle's center, [-1, +1].
         -- It's outside the [-1, +1] range if there is no collision.
         offset = (x (position ball) - center) / ((x pmax - x pmin) / (2::Float))
         angle  = offset * maxBounceAngle
         -- When it bounces off of a paddle, y vel is flipped.
-        ysign = -(signum (y v))
+        ysign = -(signum (y vel))
     in vec2 (sin angle) (ysign * cos angle)
-  else v
-
-collide :: GameObject -> GameObject -> Bool
-collide go1 go2 =
-  let (AABB2 (Vector2 xmin1 ymin1) (Vector2 xmax1 ymax1)) =
-        translate (position go1) (aabb go1)
-      (AABB2 (Vector2 xmin2 ymin2) (Vector2 xmax2 ymax2)) =
-        translate (position go2) (aabb go2)
-   in not $
-        xmax1 < xmin2
-          || xmin1 > xmax2
-          || ymax1 < ymin2
-          || ymin1 > ymax2
+  else vel
 
 moveBall :: Step s e (Vector2, GameObject) GameObject
 moveBall = step $ \_ dt _ _ (vel, ball) -> (translate (vel * dt) ball, moveBall)
 
+
 -- Enemy stepper
 
-stepEnemy = movePad
+stepEnemy = movePad 0 .> spure clamp
+
+movePad :: Float -> Step [GameObject] e GameObject GameObject
+movePad previousMomentumVector = step $ \_ dt gos _ pad ->
+  let ball           = head gos
+      heading        = (x . position $ ball) - (x . position $ pad)
+      chaseVector    = enemySpeed * heading
+      momentumVector = previousMomentumVector + enemyMomentum * heading * dt
+      vx             = chaseVector * dt + momentumVector
+   in (translate (vec2 vx 0) pad, movePad momentumVector)
 
-movePad :: Step s e GameObject GameObject
-movePad = step $ \elapsed _ _ _ pad ->
-  let enemyY = 0.9
-      p = vec2 px enemyY
-      px =
-        (sin (enemySpeed * elapsed) * (0.5::Float) + (0.5::Float))
-          * ((1::Float) - (2::Float) * x padSize)
-          + x padSize
-   in (setPosition p pad, movePad)
 
 -- Player stepper
 
-stepPlayer = sfold moveGO .> clamp
+stepPlayer = sfold movePlayer .> spure clamp
 
-moveGO =
-  mconcat
-    [ switch StopLeft  sid MoveLeft  (moveGO' $ vec2 (-playerSpeed) 0),
-      switch StopRight sid MoveRight (moveGO' $ vec2   playerSpeed  0)
-    ]
+movePlayer = mconcat
+  [ swhen MoveLeft  $ movePlayer' (vec2 (-playerSpeed) 0)
+  , swhen MoveRight $ movePlayer' (vec2   playerSpeed  0)
+  ]
 
-moveGO' :: Vector2 -> Step s e GameObject GameObject
-moveGO' dir = step $ \_ dt _ _ go -> (translate (dir * dt) go, moveGO' dir)
+movePlayer' :: Vector2 -> Step s e GameObject GameObject
+movePlayer' dir = step $ \_ dt _ _ go -> (translate (dir * dt) go, movePlayer' dir)
 
-clamp :: Step s e GameObject GameObject
-clamp = spure $ \go ->
-  let p' = vec2 (clamp' x s (1 - s)) y
+clamp :: GameObject -> GameObject
+clamp go =
+  let p' = vec2 (clamp' x sx (1 - sx)) y
       (Vector2 x y) = position go
       clamp' x a b
         | x < a = a
         | x > b = b
         | otherwise = x
-      (Vector2 s _) = padSize
+      (Vector2 sx _) = gameObjectSize go
    in setPosition p' go
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 386250d..6154913 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -12,9 +12,7 @@ Installation (Ubuntu)
 Install dependencies, then build with cabal:

 

 ```

-$ sudo apt install libxxf86vm-dev libglfw3-dev

-$ git clone https://github.com/jeannekamikaze/Spear.git

-$ cd Spear

+$ sudo apt install libxxf86vm-dev libxinerama-dev libglfw3-dev libglu1-mesa-dev libopenal-dev libalut-dev libxi-dev libxcursor-dev

 $ cabal build

 ```

 

@@ -24,6 +22,24 @@ Run a demo:
 $ cabal run pong

 ```

 

+Profiling

+---------

+

+Build with profiling enabled:

+

+```

+cabal clean

+cabal configure --enable-profiling

+cabal build

+```

+

+Then run to collect statistics (below is just an example):

+

+```

+cabal run balls -- +RTS -hc -l -sstderr

+eventlog2html balls.eventlog

+```

+

 Features

 --------

 

diff --git a/Spear.cabal b/Spear.cabal
index b044ae2..d21f594 100644
--- a/Spear.cabal
+++ b/Spear.cabal
@@ -12,129 +12,139 @@ author: Marc Sunet
 data-dir: ""

 

 library

-    build-depends:

-      GLFW-b -any,

-      OpenGL >= 3,

-      OpenGLRaw -any,

-      StateVar -any,

-      base -any,

-      bytestring -any,

-      directory -any,

-      exceptions -any,

-      hashable -any,

-      hashmap -any,

-      mtl -any,

-      transformers -any,

-      resourcet -any,

-      parsec >= 3,

-      containers -any,

-      vector -any,

-      array -any

+  build-depends:

+    --stb-image >= 0.3.0, TODO: Remove

+    ALUT,

+    GLFW-b,

+    OpenAL,

+    OpenGL >=3,

+    OpenGLRaw,

+    StateVar,

+    array,

+    base,

+    bytestring,

+    containers,

+    directory,

+    exceptions,

+    file-embed,

+    hashable,

+    hashmap,

+    mtl,

+    parsec >=3,

+    resourcet,

+    text,

+    transformers,

+    vector

 

-    exposed-modules:

-      Spear.App

-      Spear.Assets.Image

-      Spear.Assets.Model

-      Spear.Game

-      Spear.GL

-      Spear.Math.AABB

-      Spear.Math.Algebra

-      Spear.Math.Camera

-      Spear.Math.Circle

-      Spear.Math.Collision

-      Spear.Math.Frustum

-      Spear.Math.Matrix3

-      Spear.Math.Matrix4

-      Spear.Math.MatrixUtils

-      Spear.Math.Octree

-      Spear.Math.Plane

-      Spear.Math.Quaternion

-      Spear.Math.Ray

-      Spear.Math.Segment

-      Spear.Math.Spatial

-      Spear.Math.Spatial2

-      Spear.Math.Spatial3

-      Spear.Math.Sphere

-      Spear.Math.Triangle

-      Spear.Math.Utils

-      Spear.Math.Vector

-      Spear.Math.Vector.Vector

-      Spear.Math.Vector.Vector2

-      Spear.Math.Vector.Vector3

-      Spear.Math.Vector.Vector4

-      Spear.Prelude

-      Spear.Render.AnimatedModel

-      Spear.Render.Core

-      Spear.Render.Core.Buffer

-      Spear.Render.Core.Constants

-      Spear.Render.Core.Geometry

-      Spear.Render.Core.Pipeline

-      Spear.Render.Core.Shader

-      Spear.Render.Core.State

-      Spear.Render.Immediate

-      Spear.Render.Material

-      Spear.Render.Model

-      Spear.Render.Program

-      Spear.Render.StaticModel

-      Spear.Scene.Graph

-      Spear.Scene.Loader

-      Spear.Scene.SceneResources

-      Spear.Step

-      Spear.Sys.Store

-      Spear.Sys.Store.ID

-      Spear.Sys.Timer

-      Spear.Window

+  exposed-modules:

+    Spear.App

+    Spear.Asset.Image

+    Spear.Game

+    Spear.Math.AABB

+    Spear.Math.Algebra

+    Spear.Math.Camera

+    Spear.Math.Circle

+    Spear.Math.Frustum

+    Spear.Math.Matrix3

+    Spear.Math.Matrix4

+    Spear.Math.MatrixUtils

+    Spear.Math.Plane

+    Spear.Math.Quaternion

+    Spear.Math.Ray

+    Spear.Math.Segment

+    Spear.Math.Spatial

+    Spear.Math.Spatial2

+    Spear.Math.Spatial3

+    Spear.Math.Sphere

+    Spear.Math.Triangle

+    Spear.Math.Utils

+    Spear.Math.Vector

+    Spear.Math.Vector.Vector

+    Spear.Math.Vector.Vector2

+    Spear.Math.Vector.Vector3

+    Spear.Math.Vector.Vector4

+    Spear.Physics.Collision

+    Spear.Physics.RigidBody

+    Spear.Prelude

+    Spear.Render.Asset

+    Spear.Render.Core

+    Spear.Render.Core.Buffer

+    Spear.Render.Core.Constants

+    Spear.Render.Core.Geometry

+    Spear.Render.Core.Pipeline

+    Spear.Render.Core.Shader

+    Spear.Render.Core.State

+    Spear.Render.Core.Texture

+    Spear.Render.Immediate

+    Spear.Render.Shaders

+    Spear.Sound.Sound

+    Spear.Sound.State

+    Spear.Step

+    Spear.Sys.Store

+    Spear.Sys.Store.ID

+    Spear.Sys.Timer

+    Spear.Window

 

-    exposed: True

+  exposed: True

+  buildable: True

+  build-tools: hsc2hs >=0

+  c-sources:

+    Spear/Sys/Timer/timer.c

+    Spear/cbits/stb/stb_image.c

 

-    buildable: True

+  includes:

+    Spear/Sys/Timer/timer.h

+    cbits/stb/stb_image.h

 

-    build-tools: hsc2hs -any

+  include-dirs:

+    .

+    Spear

+    Spear/Sys

+    Spear/cbits

 

-    cc-options: -O2 -g -Wno-unused-result

+  hs-source-dirs: .

+  cc-options:

+    -O2

+    -Wno-unused-result

 

-    c-sources:

-      Spear/Assets/Image/Image.c

-      Spear/Assets/Image/BMP/BMP_load.c

-      Spear/Assets/Model/Model.c

-      Spear/Assets/Model/MD2/MD2_load.c

-      Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/cvector.c

-      Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/OBJ_load.c

-      Spear/Render/RenderModel.c

-      Spear/Sys/Timer/timer.c

+  ghc-options: -O2

+  ghc-prof-options:

+    -O2

+    -g

+    -prof

+    -fprof-auto

+    -fprof-cafs

+    -rtsopts

 

-    includes:

-      Spear/Assets/Image/BMP/BMP_load.h

-      Spear/Assets/Image/Image.h

-      Spear/Assets/Image/Image_error_code.h

-      Spear/Assets/Image/sys_types.h

-      Spear/Assets/Model/MD2/MD2_load.h

-      Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/OBJ_load.h

-      Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/cvector.h

-      Spear/Assets/Model/Model.h

-      Spear/Assets/Model/Model_error_code.h

-      Spear/Assets/Model/sys_types.h

-      Spear/Render/RenderModel.h

-      Spear/Sys/Timer/timer.h

-

-    include-dirs:

-      .

-      Spear

-      Spear/Assets/Image

-      Spear/Assets/Image/BMP

-      Spear/Assets/Model

-      Spear/Contrib/glad/include/

-      Spear/Render

-      Spear/Sys

-

-    hs-source-dirs: .

+executable pong

+  hs-source-dirs: Demos/Pong

+  main-is: Main.hs

+  other-modules: Pong

+  build-depends:

+    Spear,

+    base

 

-    ghc-options: -O2

+  ghc-options: -O2

+  ghc-prof-options:

+    -O2

+    -g

+    -prof

+    -fprof-auto

+    -fprof-cafs

+    -rtsopts

 

-    ghc-prof-options: -O2 -fprof-auto -fprof-cafs

+executable balls

+  hs-source-dirs: Demos/Balls

+  main-is: Main.hs

+  build-depends:

+    Spear,

+    base

 

-executable pong

-  hs-source-dirs:      Demos/Pong

-  main-is:             Main.hs

-  other-modules:       Pong

-  build-depends:       base, Spear, OpenGL

+  ghc-options: -O2

+  ghc-prof-options:

+    -O2

+    -g

+    -prof

+    -fprof-auto

+    -fprof-cafs

+    -rtsopts

diff --git a/Spear/App.hs b/Spear/App.hs
index f70dd06..e85c46b 100644
--- a/Spear/App.hs
+++ b/Spear/App.hs
@@ -1,20 +1,35 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances     #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-}
+
 module Spear.App
-  ( App(..),
-    Elapsed,
-    Dt,
-    Step,
-    loop,
-  )
+( App(..)
+, AppOptions(..)
+, AppContext(..)
+, AppState(..)
+, Elapsed
+, Dt
+, Step
+, defaultAppOptions
+, getGameState
+, putGameState
+, modifyGameState
+, runApp
+, loop
+)
 where
 
-import           Control.Monad
-import           Data.Fixed      (mod')
-import           GHC.Float
 import           Spear.Game
-import           Spear.Sys.Timer as Timer
+import           Spear.Render.Core.State
+import           Spear.Render.Immediate
+import           Spear.Sound.Sound
+import           Spear.Sound.State
+import           Spear.Sys.Timer         as Timer
 import           Spear.Window
 
-maxFPS = 60
+import           Control.Monad
+import           Data.Fixed              (mod')
+import           GHC.Float
+
 
 -- | Time elapsed.
 type Elapsed = Double
@@ -25,68 +40,217 @@ type Dt = Double
 -- | Return true if the application should continue running, false otherwise.
 type Step s = Elapsed -> Dt -> [InputEvent] -> Game s Bool
 
--- | Application functions.
+-- | Application options.
+--
+-- Use `defaultOptions` for default options.
+data AppOptions = AppOptions
+  { title           :: String
+  , windowWidth     :: Int
+  , windowHeight    :: Int
+  , maxFPS          :: Int
+  , animationFPS    :: Int
+  , enableProfiling :: Bool
+  }
+
+-- | Default application options.
+defaultAppOptions = AppOptions
+  { title           = "Spear Application"
+  , windowWidth     = 1920
+  , windowHeight    = 1080
+  , maxFPS          = 0  -- If non-zero, cap frame rate to this value.
+  , animationFPS    = 60 -- If non-zero, use fixed time step animation.
+  , enableProfiling = False
+  }
+
+-- | Application descriptor.
 data App s = App
-  { stepApp   :: Step s
-  , renderApp :: Game s ()
-  , resizeApp :: WindowEvent -> Game s ()
+  { appOptions :: AppOptions
+  , initApp    :: Game AppContext s
+  , endApp     :: Game (AppState s) ()
+  , stepApp    :: Step (AppState s)
+  , renderApp  :: Game (AppState s) ()
+  , resizeApp  :: WindowEvent -> Game (AppState s) ()
+  }
+
+-- | Application context.
+--
+-- The application context is the initial state from which the application's
+-- `AppState` is bootstrapped with `initApp`.
+data AppContext = AppContext
+  { contextWindow          :: Window
+  , contextRenderCoreState :: RenderCoreState
+  , contextSoundState      :: SoundState
+  , contextImmRenderState  :: ImmRenderState
+  }
+
+instance HasState AppContext RenderCoreState where
+  getInnerState = contextRenderCoreState
+  setInnerState context state = context { contextRenderCoreState = state }
+
+instance HasState AppContext SoundState where
+  getInnerState = contextSoundState
+  setInnerState context state = context { contextSoundState = state }
+
+instance HasState AppContext ImmRenderState where
+  getInnerState = contextImmRenderState
+  setInnerState context state = context { contextImmRenderState = state }
+
+-- | Application state.
+data AppState s = AppState
+  { appWindow          :: Window
+  , appRenderCoreState :: RenderCoreState
+  , appSoundState      :: SoundState
+  , appImmRenderState  :: ImmRenderState
+  , appCustomState     :: s
   }
 
+-- Requires FlexibleInstances.
+instance HasState (AppState s) s where
+  getInnerState = appCustomState
+  setInnerState appState state = appState { appCustomState = state }
+
+instance HasState (AppState s) RenderCoreState where
+  getInnerState = appRenderCoreState
+  setInnerState appState state = appState { appRenderCoreState = state }
+
+instance HasState (AppState s) SoundState where
+  getInnerState = appSoundState
+  setInnerState appState state = appState { appSoundState = state }
+
+instance HasState (AppState s) ImmRenderState where
+  getInnerState = appImmRenderState
+  setInnerState appState state = appState { appImmRenderState = state }
+
+
+-- | Get the custom state in the app state.
+getGameState :: Game (AppState s) s
+getGameState = appCustomState <$> get
+
+-- | Put the custom state in the app state.
+putGameState :: s -> Game (AppState s) ()
+putGameState custom = do
+  appState <- get
+  put $ appState { appCustomState = custom }
+
+-- | Modify the custom state in the app state.
+modifyGameState :: (s -> s) -> Game (AppState s) ()
+modifyGameState f = modify $ \appState -> appState { appCustomState = f (appCustomState appState )}
+
+-- | Run the application.
+runApp :: App s -> IO ()
+runApp app =
+  let ops = appOptions app
+      w = windowWidth  ops
+      h = windowHeight ops
+  in -- Initialize subsystems.
+    withWindow (w, h) (title ops) $ \window ->
+      withSoundContext $ eval runGame () $ do
+        -- Create initial context.
+        -- We could modify function signatures such as:
+        --   newImmRenderer :: HasState s RenderCoreState => Game s ImmRenderState
+        -- to simplify things a bit. But I'm not sure I want HasState to
+        -- proliferate like that right now.
+        initialSoundState <- eval runSiblingGame () initSoundSystem
+        (immRenderState, renderCoreState) <- runSiblingGame newRenderCoreState newImmRenderer
+        let context = AppContext window renderCoreState initialSoundState immRenderState
+        -- Create initial app state.
+        (gameState, context') <- runSiblingGame context (initApp app)
+        let appState = AppState {
+          appWindow          = contextWindow context'
+        , appRenderCoreState = contextRenderCoreState context'
+        , appSoundState      = contextSoundState context'
+        , appImmRenderState  = contextImmRenderState context'
+        , appCustomState     = gameState
+        }
+        -- Run app.
+        (result, endAppState) <- runChildGame appState $ do
+          loop app window
+          endApp app
+        -- Shut down.
+        exec' runSiblingGame (appRenderCoreState endAppState) $ deleteImmRenderer (appImmRenderState endAppState)
+        exec' runSiblingGame (appSoundState endAppState) destroySoundSystem
+
 -- | Enter the main application loop.
-loop :: App s -> Window -> Game s ()
+loop :: App s -> Window -> Game (AppState s) ()
 loop app window = do
   -- For convenience, trigger an initial resize followed by a render of the
   -- application's initial state.
-  (width, height) <- gameIO $ getWindowSize window
+  (width, height) <- getWindowSize window
   resizeApp app (ResizeEvent width height)
   renderApp app
 
-  let ddt = secToTimeDelta $ 1.0 / fromIntegral maxFPS -- Desired delta time.
-  timer <- gameIO newTimer
-  gameIO $ Timer.start timer
-  loop' window ddt timer 0 0 app
+  let ddt          = fpsToDdt .       maxFPS . appOptions $ app -- Desired render time step.
+  let animationDdt = fpsToDdt . animationFPS . appOptions $ app -- Desired animation time step.
+
+  timer <- newTimer
+  Timer.start timer
+  let lastAnimationTime = lastTick timer
+  loop' window ddt animationDdt lastAnimationTime timer app
 
 loop' ::
   Window ->
-  TimeDelta -> -- Desired frame delta time.
+  TimeDelta -> -- Desired render time delta.
+  TimeDelta -> -- Desired animation time delta.
+  TimePoint -> -- Time point of last animation update.
   Timer ->
-  TimeDelta -> -- Total elapsed app time.
-  TimeDelta -> -- Time budget.
   App s ->
-  Game s ()
-loop' window ddt inputTimer elapsed timeBudget app = do
-  timer <- gameIO $ tick inputTimer
-
-  let timeBudgetThisFrame = timeBudget + deltaTime timer
-  let steps = timeBudgetThisFrame `div` ddt
-
-  continue <- and <$> forM [1..steps] (\i -> do
-    let t  = timeDeltaToSec $ elapsed + i * ddt
-    let dt = timeDeltaToSec ddt
-    inputEvents <- gameIO $ pollInputEvents window
-    stepApp app t dt inputEvents)
-
-  let elapsed' = elapsed + steps * ddt
-  let timeBudget' = timeBudgetThisFrame `mod` ddt
-
-  when continue $ do
-    windowEvents <- gameIO $ pollWindowEvents window
-    forM_ windowEvents $ \event -> case event of
-      ResizeEvent {} -> resizeApp app event
+  Game (AppState s) ()
+loop' window renderDdt animationDdt lastAnimationTime inputTimer app = do
+  timer        <- tick inputTimer
+  windowEvents <- pollWindowEvents window
+  close        <- shouldWindowClose window
+
+  (continue, lastAnimationTimeNextFrame) <- case animationDdt of
+    0 -> do
+      -- Variable time step game animation.
+      let t  = timeDeltaToSec $ runningTime timer
+      let dt = timeDeltaToSec $ deltaTime   timer
+      inputEvents <- pollInputEvents window
+      continue <- stepApp app t dt inputEvents
+      return (continue, lastAnimationTime)
+
+    _ -> do
+      -- Fixed time step animation.
+      let ddt = animationDdt
+      {- let elapsed = runningTime timer
+      let dt = timeDeltaToSec ddt
+      let timeBudgetThisFrame = timeBudget + deltaTime timer
+      let timeBudgetNextFrame = timeBudgetThisFrame `mod` ddt
+      let steps = timeBudgetThisFrame `div` ddt -}
+      --liftIO . print $ "Steps: " ++ show steps ++ ", Budget: " ++ show timeBudgetThisFrame ++ ", ddt: " ++ show ddt
+      let elapsed = runningTime timer
+      let dt = timeDeltaToSec ddt
+      let timeBudgetThisFrame = timeDiff lastAnimationTime (lastTick timer)
+      let steps = timeBudgetThisFrame `div` ddt
+      let lastAnimationTimeNextFrame = timeAdd lastAnimationTime (steps * ddt)
+      --liftIO . print $ "Steps: " ++ show steps ++ ", Budget: " ++ show timeBudgetThisFrame ++ ", ddt: " ++ show ddt
+      continue <- and <$> forM [1..steps] (\i -> do
+        inputEvents <- pollInputEvents window
+        let t = timeDeltaToSec $ elapsed + i * ddt
+        stepApp app t dt inputEvents)
+      return (continue, lastAnimationTimeNextFrame)
+
+  -- Process window events.
+  resized <- or <$> forM windowEvents (\event -> case event of
+    ResizeEvent {} -> resizeApp app event >> return True)
+
+  -- For smoother resizing, render only while not resizing.
+  unless resized $ do
     renderApp app
-    gameIO $ swapBuffers window
+    swapBuffers window
 
-    frameEnd <- gameIO now
+  -- Limit frame rate if so requested by the application.
+  -- This currently makes the rendering stutter and is not very desirable.
+  when ((maxFPS . appOptions $ app) > 0) $ do
+    frameEnd <- now
+    let ddt = renderDdt
     let frameTime = timeDiff (lastTick timer) frameEnd
     when (frameTime < ddt) $ do
-      gameIO $ Timer.sleep (ddt - frameTime)
-
-    close <- gameIO $ shouldWindowClose window
-    when (continue && not close) $
-      loop'
-        window
-        ddt
-        timer
-        elapsed'
-        timeBudget'
-        app
+      Timer.sleep (ddt - frameTime)
+
+  when (continue && not close) $ do
+    loop' window renderDdt animationDdt lastAnimationTimeNextFrame timer app
+
+-- | Convert FPS to desired delta time.
+fpsToDdt :: Int -> TimeDelta
+fpsToDdt fps = if fps > 0 then secToTimeDelta (1.0 / fromIntegral fps) else 0
diff --git a/Spear/Asset/Image.hsc b/Spear/Asset/Image.hsc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f907f39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Spear/Asset/Image.hsc
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE CPP, ForeignFunctionInterface #-}
+
+module Spear.Asset.Image
+(
+  Pixels
+, Image(..)
+, loadImage
+, freeImage
+, withImage
+, setFlipVerticallyOnLoad
+)
+where
+
+
+import           Control.Monad.IO.Class
+import           Foreign.C.String
+import           Foreign.C.Types
+import           Foreign.Marshal.Alloc
+import           Foreign.Marshal.Utils
+import           Foreign.Ptr
+import           Foreign.Storable
+
+
+type Pixels = Ptr CUChar
+
+data Image = Image
+  { width      :: Int
+  , height     :: Int
+  , components :: Int
+  , pixels     :: Pixels
+  }
+
+
+#include "stb/stb_image.h"
+
+foreign import ccall safe "stb_image.h stbi_load"
+  stbi_load :: CString -> Ptr Int -> Ptr Int -> Ptr Int -> Int -> IO Pixels
+
+foreign import ccall safe "stb_image.h stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load"
+  stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load :: Int -> IO ()
+
+foreign import ccall safe "stb_image.h stbi_free_image"
+  stbi_free_image :: Pixels -> IO ()
+
+foreign import ccall safe "stbi_image.h stbi_failure_reason"
+  stbi_failure_reason :: IO CString
+
+
+-- | Load an image.
+loadImage :: MonadIO m => FilePath -> m (Either String Image)
+loadImage filepath = liftIO $
+  withCString filepath $ \cFilePath ->
+  alloca $ \pWidth ->
+  alloca $ \pHeight ->
+  alloca $ \pComponents -> do
+    pixels     <- stbi_load cFilePath pWidth pHeight pComponents 0
+    width      <- peek pWidth
+    height     <- peek pHeight
+    components <- peek pComponents
+    if pixels == nullPtr
+      then do
+        err <- stbi_failure_reason
+        Left <$> peekCString err
+      else do
+        return . Right $ Image width height components pixels
+
+-- | Free the image's pixels from memory.
+freeImage :: MonadIO m => Image -> m ()
+freeImage = liftIO . stbi_free_image . pixels
+
+-- | Load an image, perform an operation on it, then free the image.
+-- On error, return an error message.
+withImage :: MonadIO m => FilePath -> (Image -> m a) -> m (Either String a)
+withImage filepath f = do
+  result <- loadImage filepath
+  case result of
+    Left  err   -> return . Left $ err
+    Right image -> do
+      a <- f image
+      freeImage image
+      return . Right $ a
+
+-- | Flip subsequently loaded images vertically.
+setFlipVerticallyOnLoad :: MonadIO m => Bool -> m ()
+setFlipVerticallyOnLoad =
+  liftIO . stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load . fromIntegral . fromEnum
diff --git a/Spear/Game.hs b/Spear/Game.hs
index 14e3f20..fddefef 100644
--- a/Spear/Game.hs
+++ b/Spear/Game.hs
@@ -1,143 +1,142 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances          #-}

+{-# LANGUAGE GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving #-}

+{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses      #-}

+

 module Spear.Game

-  ( Game,

-    GameException (..),

-    Resource,

-    ResourceClass (..),

-

-    -- * Game state

-    getGameState,

-    saveGameState,

-    modifyGameState,

-

-    -- * Game resources

-    register,

-    release,

-    release',

-

-    -- * Error handling

-    gameError,

-    assertMaybe,

-    catchGameError,

-    catchGameErrorFinally,

-

-    -- * Running and IO

-    runGame,

-    evalGame,

-    runSubGame,

-    runSubGame',

-    evalSubGame,

-    execSubGame,

-    runSiblingGame,

-    runSiblingGame',

-    evalSiblingGame,

-    execSiblingGame,

-    gameIO,

-  )

+( Game

+, GameException(..)

+, HasState(..)

+, ResourceClass(..)

+, ReleaseKey

+  -- * Game state

+, get

+, put

+, modify

+  -- * Game resources

+, register

+, release

+, release'

+  -- * Error handling

+, gameError

+, assertMaybe

+, catch

+  -- * Running and IO

+, runGame

+, runChildGame

+, runSiblingGame

+, eval

+, exec

+, exec'

+, siblingGame

+, liftIO

+)

 where

 

+import           Data.Functor (void)

 import           Control.Monad.Catch

 import           Control.Monad.State.Strict

 import           Control.Monad.Trans.Class    (lift)

-import qualified Control.Monad.Trans.Resource as R

-

+import           Control.Monad.Trans.Resource

 

-type Resource = R.ReleaseKey

 

+-- | Anything that holds a resource.

+--

+-- This is a convenient wrapper so that we can define the general `release'`

+-- function on any type of resource.

 class ResourceClass a where

-  getResource :: a -> Resource

-

-type Game s = StateT s (R.ResourceT IO)

+  getResource :: a -> ReleaseKey

 

+-- | A game exception.

+--

+-- This is mostly a convenient wrapper around `String` so that we can throw

+-- strings directly with `gameError`.

 newtype GameException = GameException String deriving (Show)

 

 instance Exception GameException

 

+-- | The game monad.

+--

+-- The game monad performs three different roles:

+--

+--   1. I/O

+--   2. Resource management.

+--   3. State management.

+newtype Game s a = Game { getGame :: StateT s (ResourceT IO) a }

+  deriving

+  ( Functor

+  , Applicative

+  , Monad

+  , MonadIO

+  , MonadThrow

+  , MonadCatch

+  , MonadState s

+  , MonadResource

+  )

 

--- | Retrieve the game state.

-getGameState :: Game s s

-getGameState = get

-

--- | Save the game state.

-saveGameState :: s -> Game s ()

-saveGameState = put

-

--- | Modify the game state.

-modifyGameState :: (s -> s) -> Game s ()

-modifyGameState = modify

+-- | A class used to define state hierarchies.

+--

+-- By declaring `HasState s t`, a `Game s` monad can then execute actions of a

+-- `Game t` monad more conveniently with `siblingGame`.

+class HasState s t where

+  getInnerState :: s -> t

+  setInnerState :: s -> t -> s

 

--- | Register the given cleaner.

-register :: IO () -> Game s Resource

-register = lift . R.register

+-- Identity instance.

+instance HasState s s where

+  getInnerState = id

+  setInnerState s s' = s'

 

--- | Release the given 'Resource'.

-release :: ResourceClass a => a -> Game s ()

-release = lift . R.release . getResource

 

 -- | Release the given 'Resource'.

-release' :: ResourceClass a => a -> IO ()

-release' = R.release . getResource

+release' :: ResourceClass a => a -> Game s ()

+release' = release . getResource

 

 -- | Throw an error from the 'Game' monad.

 gameError :: String -> Game s a

-gameError = gameError' . GameException

-

--- | Throw an error from the 'Game' monad.

-gameError' :: GameException -> Game s a

-gameError' = lift . lift . throwM

+gameError = throwM . GameException

 

 -- | Throw the given error if given 'Nothing'.

 assertMaybe :: Maybe a -> GameException -> Game s a

-assertMaybe Nothing err = gameError' err

+assertMaybe Nothing err = throwM err

 assertMaybe (Just x) _  = return x

 

--- | Run the given game with the given error handler.

-catchGameError :: Game s a -> (GameException -> Game s a) -> Game s a

-catchGameError = catch

-

--- | Run the given game, catch any error, run the given finaliser and rethrow the error.

-catchGameErrorFinally :: Game s a -> Game s a -> Game s a

-catchGameErrorFinally game finally = catch game $ \err -> finally >> gameError' err

-

--- | Run the given game.

-runGame :: Game s a -> s -> IO (a, s)

-runGame game = R.runResourceT . runStateT game

+-- | Run the given game, unrolling the full monad stack and returning the game's

+-- result and its final state.

+--

+-- Any resources acquired by the given game are released when this returns.

+runGame :: s -> Game s a -> IO (a, s)

+runGame state game = runResourceT . runStateT (getGame game) $ state

+

+-- | Run the given child game, unrolling the full monad stack and returning the

+-- game's result and its final state.

+--

+-- Like `runGame`, this frees any resources that are acquired by the sub-game.

+-- If you want to keep acquired resources, see `runSiblingGame` instead.

+runChildGame :: s -> Game s a -> Game t (a, s)

+runChildGame state game = liftIO $ runGame state game

+

+-- | Run the given sibling game, unrolling the state transformer but not the

+-- resource transformer.

+--

+-- Unlike `runChildGame`, any resources acquired by the sibling game are *not*

+-- released.

+runSiblingGame :: s -> Game s a -> Game t (a, s)

+runSiblingGame state game = Game . lift $ runStateT (getGame game) state

 

 -- | Run the given game and return its result.

-evalGame :: Game s a -> s -> IO a

-evalGame g s = fst <$> runGame g s

-

--- | Fully run the given sub game, unrolling the entire monad stack.

-runSubGame :: Game s a -> s -> Game t (a, s)

-runSubGame g s = gameIO $ runGame g s

-

--- | Like 'runSubGame', but discarding the result.

-runSubGame' :: Game s a -> s -> Game t ()

-runSubGame' g s = void $ runSubGame g s

-

--- | Run the given sub game and return its result.

-evalSubGame :: Game s a -> s -> Game t a

-evalSubGame g s = fst <$> runSubGame g s

-

--- | Run the given sub game and return its state.

-execSubGame :: Game s a -> s -> Game t s

-execSubGame g s = snd <$> runSubGame g s

-

--- | Run the given sibling game, unrolling StateT but not ResourceT.

-runSiblingGame :: Game s a -> s -> Game t (a, s)

-runSiblingGame g s = lift $ runStateT g s

-

--- | Like 'runSiblingGame', but discarding the result.

-runSiblingGame' :: Game s a -> s -> Game t ()

-runSiblingGame' g s = void $ runSiblingGame g s

-

--- | Run the given sibling game and return its result.

-evalSiblingGame :: Game s a -> s -> Game t a

-evalSiblingGame g s = fst <$> runSiblingGame g s

-

--- | Run the given sibling game and return its state.

-execSiblingGame :: Game s a -> s -> Game t s

-execSiblingGame g s = snd <$> runSiblingGame g s

-

--- | Perform the given IO action in the 'Game' monad.

-gameIO :: IO a -> Game s a

-gameIO = lift . lift

+--eval :: (Monad m s, Monad n s) => (m s a -> s -> n (a, s)) -> m s a -> s -> m a

+eval  runner game state = fst <$> runner game state

+

+-- | Run the given game and return its final state.

+exec  runner game state = snd <$> runner game state

+

+-- | Run the given game and ignore both its result and final state.

+exec' runner game state = void $  runner game state

+

+-- | Run a sibling game on nested state.

+siblingGame :: HasState s t => Game t a -> Game s a

+siblingGame tAction = do

+  outerState <- getInnerState <$> get

+  (result, outerState') <- runSiblingGame outerState tAction

+  modify $ \outerState -> setInnerState outerState outerState'

+  return result

diff --git a/Spear/Math/Physics/Rigid.hs b/Spear/Math/Physics/Rigid.hs
deleted file mode 100644
index 28995bd..0000000
--- a/Spear/Math/Physics/Rigid.hs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-module Spear.Math.Physics.Rigid

-(

-    module Spear.Math.Physics.Types

-,   RigidBody(..)

-,   rigidBody

-,   update

-,   setVelocity

-,   setAcceleration

-)

-where

-

-import qualified Spear.Math.Matrix3 as M3

-import Spear.Math.Spatial2

-import Spear.Math.Vector

-import Spear.Physics.Types

-

-import Data.List (foldl')

-import Control.Monad.State

-

-data RigidBody = RigidBody

-    { mass         :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Float

-    , position     :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Position

-    , velocity     :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Velocity

-    , acceleration :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Acceleration

-    }

-

-instance Spatial2 RigidBody where

-

-    move v body = body { position = v + position body }

-

-    moveFwd     speed body = body { position = position body + scale speed unity2 }

-

-    moveBack    speed body = body { position = position body + scale (-speed) unity2 }

-

-    strafeLeft  speed body = body { position = position body + scale (-speed) unitx2 }

-

-    strafeRight speed body = body { position = position body + scale speed unitx2 }

-

-    rotate angle = id

-

-    setRotation angle = id

-

-    pos = position

-

-    fwd _ = unity2

-

-    up _ = unity2

-

-    right _ = unitx2

-

-    transform body = M3.transform unitx2 unity2 $ position body

-

-    setTransform transf body = body { position = M3.position transf }

-

-    setPos p body = body { position = p }

-

--- | Build a 'RigidBody'.

-rigidBody :: Mass -> Position -> RigidBody

-rigidBody m x = RigidBody m x zero2 zero2

-

--- | Update the given 'RigidBody'.

-update :: [Force] -> Dt -> RigidBody -> RigidBody

-update forces dt body =

-    let netforce = foldl' (+) zero2 forces

-        m  = mass body

-        r1 = position body

-        v1 = velocity body

-        a1 = acceleration body

-        r2 = r1 + scale dt v1 + scale (0.5*dt*dt) a1

-        v' = v1 + scale (0.5*dt) a1

-        a2 = a1 + scale (1/m) netforce

-        v2 = v1 + scale (dt/2) (a2+a1) + scale (0.5*dt) a2

-    in

-        RigidBody m r2 v2 a2

-

--- | Set the body's velocity.

-setVelocity :: Velocity -> RigidBody -> RigidBody

-setVelocity v body = body { velocity = v }

-

--- | Set the body's acceleration.

-setAcceleration :: Acceleration -> RigidBody -> RigidBody

-setAcceleration a body = body { acceleration = a }

-

-

--- test

-{-gravity = vec2 0 (-10)

-b0 = rigidBody 50 $ vec2 0 1000

-

-

-debug :: IO ()

-debug = evalStateT debug' b0

-

-

-

-debug' :: StateT RigidBody IO ()

-debug' = do

-    lift . putStrLn $ "Initial body:"

-    lift . putStrLn . show' $ b0

-    lift . putStrLn $ "Falling..."

-    step $ update [gravity*50] 1

-    step $ update [gravity*50] 1

-    step $ update [gravity*50] 1

-    lift . putStrLn $ "Jumping"

-    step $ update [gravity*50, vec2 0 9000] 1

-    lift . putStrLn $ "Falling..."

-    step $ update [gravity*50] 1

-    step $ update [gravity*50] 1

-    step $ update [gravity*50] 1

-

-

-step :: (RigidBody -> RigidBody) -> StateT RigidBody IO ()

-step update = do

-    modify update

-    body <- get

-    lift . putStrLn . show' $ body

-

-

-show' body =

-    "mass " ++ (show $ mass body) ++

-    ", position " ++ (showVec $ position body) ++

-    ", velocity " ++ (showVec $ velocity body) ++

-    ", acceleration " ++ (showVec $ acceleration body)

-

-

-showVec v = (show $ x v) ++ ", " ++ (show $ y v)-}

diff --git a/Spear/Math/Physics/Types.hs b/Spear/Math/Physics/Types.hs
deleted file mode 100644
index 59e6c74..0000000
--- a/Spear/Math/Physics/Types.hs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-module Spear.Math.Physics.Types

-where

-

-import Spear.Math.Vector

-

-type Dt = Float

-type Force = Vector2

-type Mass = Float

-type Position = Vector2

-type Velocity = Vector2

-type Acceleration = Vector2

diff --git a/Spear/Math/Plane.hs b/Spear/Math/Plane.hs
index 5440a43..cbf5aed 100644
--- a/Spear/Math/Plane.hs
+++ b/Spear/Math/Plane.hs
@@ -2,41 +2,75 @@
 

 module Spear.Math.Plane

 (

-    Plane

-,   plane

-,   classify

+  Plane(..)

+, AxisPlane(..)

+, plane

+, axisPlane

+, planeClassify

+, axisPlaneClassify

 )

 where

 

 import           Spear.Math.Vector

 import           Spear.Prelude

 

+

+data Axis = X | Y | Z deriving (Eq, Show)

+

+data AxisOrientation = PositiveAxis | NegativeAxis deriving (Eq, Show)

+

 data PointPlanePos = Front | Back | Contained deriving (Eq, Show)

 

+-- | A 3D plane.

 data Plane = Plane

-    { n :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Vector3,

-      d :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Float

+    { planeNormal   :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Vector3

+    , planeDistance :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Float

     }

     deriving(Eq, Show)

 

+-- | An axis-aligned 3D plane.

+data AxisPlane = AxisPlane

+    { axisPlaneAxis     :: !Axis

+    , axisPlaneDistance :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Float

+    , axisPlaneNormal   :: !AxisOrientation

+    }

+    deriving (Eq, Show)

+

+

 -- | Construct a plane from  a normal vector and a distance from the origin.

 plane :: Vector3 -> Float -> Plane

 plane n d = Plane (normalise n) d

 

+-- | Construct an axis-aligned plane.

+axisPlane :: Axis -> Float -> AxisOrientation -> AxisPlane

+axisPlane = AxisPlane

+

 -- | Construct a plane from three points.

 --

 -- Points must be given in counter-clockwise order.

-fromPoints :: Vector3 -> Vector3 -> Vector3 -> Plane

-fromPoints p0 p1 p2 = Plane n d

-           where n  = normalise $ v1 `cross` v2

-                 v1 = p2 - p1

-                 v2 = p0 - p1

-                 d  = p0 `dot` n

+planeFromPoints :: Vector3 -> Vector3 -> Vector3 -> Plane

+planeFromPoints p0 p1 p2 = Plane n d

+    where n  = normalise $ v1 `cross` v2

+          v1 = p2 - p1

+          v2 = p0 - p1

+          d  = p0 `dot` n

 

 -- | Classify the given point's relative position with respect to the plane.

-classify :: Plane -> Vector3 -> PointPlanePos

-classify (Plane n d) pt =

+planeClassify :: Plane -> Vector3 -> PointPlanePos

+planeClassify (Plane n d) pt =

     case (n `dot` pt - d) `compare` 0 of

         GT -> Front

         LT -> Back

         EQ -> Contained

+

+-- | Classify the given point's relative position with respect to the plane.

+axisPlaneClassify :: AxisPlane -> Vector3 -> PointPlanePos

+axisPlaneClassify (AxisPlane axis d _) (Vector3 x y z) =

+    let classify coord

+          | coord < d = Back

+          | coord > d = Front

+          | otherwise = Contained

+    in case axis of

+        X -> classify x

+        Y -> classify y

+        Z -> classify z

diff --git a/Spear/Math/Spatial.hs b/Spear/Math/Spatial.hs
index bfab6c2..b6a3ede 100644
--- a/Spear/Math/Spatial.hs
+++ b/Spear/Math/Spatial.hs
@@ -88,22 +88,22 @@ class (Positional a v, Rotational a v r) => Spatial a v r t | a -> t where
 move :: Positional a v => Float -> (a -> v) -> a -> a
 move delta axis a = translate (axis a * delta) a
 
--- | Move the spatial upwards.
+-- | Move the spatial along its right axis.
 moveRight delta = move delta right
 
--- | Move the spatial downwards.
+-- | Move the spatial along its left axis.
 moveLeft delta = moveRight (-delta)
 
--- | Move the spatial upwards.
+-- | Move the spatial along its up axis.
 moveUp delta = move delta up
 
--- | Move the spatial downwards.
+-- | Move the spatial along its down axis.
 moveDown delta = moveUp (-delta)
 
--- | Move the spatial forwards.
+-- | Move the spatial along its forward axis.
 moveFwd delta = move delta forward
 
--- | Move the spatial backwards.
+-- | Move the spatial along its backward axis.
 moveBack delta = moveFwd (-delta)
 
 -- | Make the spatial look at the given point.
diff --git a/Spear/Math/Spatial2.hs b/Spear/Math/Spatial2.hs
index 1cc2b65..62eb75a 100644
--- a/Spear/Math/Spatial2.hs
+++ b/Spear/Math/Spatial2.hs
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ import           Spear.Math.Vector
 import           Spear.Prelude

 

 

+-- TODO: These type synonyms don't seem to work well when trying to instantiate

+-- the classes.

 type Positional2 a = Positional a Vector2

 type Rotational2 a = Rotational a Angle

 type Spatial2    s = Spatial    s Vector2 Angle Transform2

diff --git a/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector.hs b/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector.hs
index e7f6d53..d9cd64f 100644
--- a/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector.hs
+++ b/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector.hs
@@ -48,3 +48,6 @@ class
 
       -- | Normalise the given vector.
       normalise :: v -> v
+
+      -- | Scale the vector.
+      scale :: Float -> v -> v
diff --git a/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector2.hs b/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector2.hs
index 1ede3a9..b74cfef 100644
--- a/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector2.hs
+++ b/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector2.hs
@@ -33,7 +33,10 @@ type Position2 = Vector2
 

 

 -- | Represents a vector in 2D.

-data Vector2 = Vector2 {-# UNPACK #-} !Float {-# UNPACK #-} !Float deriving (Eq, Show)

+data Vector2 = Vector2

+    {-# UNPACK #-} !Float

+    {-# UNPACK #-} !Float

+    deriving (Eq, Show)

 

 

 instance Addition Vector2 Vector2 where

@@ -129,6 +132,9 @@ instance Vector Vector2 where
                 n = if n' == 0 then 1 else n'

             in ((1.0::Float) / n) * v

 

+    {-# INLINABLE scale #-}

+    scale s (Vector2 x y) = Vector2 (s*x) (s*y)

+

 

 sizeFloat = sizeOf (undefined :: CFloat)

 

diff --git a/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector3.hs b/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector3.hs
index db5dc45..6ad4fe1 100644
--- a/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector3.hs
+++ b/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector3.hs
@@ -163,6 +163,9 @@ instance Vector Vector3 where
                 n = if n' == 0 then 1 else n'

             in ((1.0::Float) / n) * v

 

+    {-# INLINABLE scale #-}

+    scale s (Vector3 x y z) = Vector3 (s*x) (s*y) (s*z)

+

 

 sizeFloat = sizeOf (undefined :: CFloat)

 

diff --git a/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector4.hs b/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector4.hs
index 907295e..3ca27c9 100644
--- a/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector4.hs
+++ b/Spear/Math/Vector/Vector4.hs
@@ -161,6 +161,9 @@ instance Vector Vector4 where
                 n  = if n' == 0 then 1 else n'

             in ((1.0::Float) / n) * v

 

+    {-# INLINABLE scale #-}

+    scale s (Vector4 x y z w) = Vector4 (s*x) (s*y) (s*z) (s*w)

+

 

 sizeFloat = sizeOf (undefined :: CFloat)

 

diff --git a/Spear/Physics/Collision.hs b/Spear/Physics/Collision.hs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ade9ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Spear/Physics/Collision.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts      #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude     #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE TypeSynonymInstances  #-}
+
+module Spear.Physics.Collision
+(
+  BoundingVolume2(..)
+, Bounded2(..)
+, aabb2Volume
+, collide
+)
+where
+
+import           Spear.Math.AABB
+import           Spear.Math.Spatial
+import           Spear.Math.Spatial2
+import           Spear.Math.Vector
+import           Spear.Prelude
+
+import           Data.Maybe          (mapMaybe)
+
+
+-- Currently supporting AABB2. Add circles later when needed.
+data BoundingVolume2
+  = AABB2Volume { box2 :: {-# UNPACK #-} !AABB2 }
+
+
+class Bounded2 a where
+  boundingVolume :: a -> BoundingVolume2
+
+
+-- | Construct a new bounding volume from a 2D axis-aligned box.
+aabb2Volume :: AABB2 -> BoundingVolume2
+aabb2Volume = AABB2Volume
+
+
+-- | Find collisions between the objects in the first list and the objects in
+-- the second list.
+collide :: Bounded2 a => [a] -> [a] -> [(a,a)]
+collide xs ys =
+  mapMaybe testCollision pairs
+  where
+    testCollision [o1, o2] = if objectsCollide o1 o2 then Just (o1, o2) else Nothing
+    pairs = sequence [xs, ys]
+
+
+-- | Test two objects for collision.
+objectsCollide :: Bounded2 a => a -> a -> Bool
+objectsCollide o1 o2 =
+  collideAABB2 (box2 . boundingVolume $ o1) (box2 . boundingVolume $ o2)
+
+
+-- | Test two 2D axis-aligned bounding boxes for collision.
+collideAABB2 :: AABB2 -> AABB2 -> Bool
+collideAABB2 box1 box2 =
+  let (AABB2 (Vector2 xmin1 ymin1) (Vector2 xmax1 ymax1)) = box1
+      (AABB2 (Vector2 xmin2 ymin2) (Vector2 xmax2 ymax2)) = box2
+  in not $
+    xmax1 < xmin2 ||
+    xmin1 > xmax2 ||
+    ymax1 < ymin2 ||
+    ymin1 > ymax2
diff --git a/Spear/Physics/RigidBody.hs b/Spear/Physics/RigidBody.hs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a8fe0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Spear/Physics/RigidBody.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts      #-}

+{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-}

+{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude     #-}

+{-# LANGUAGE TypeSynonymInstances  #-}

+

+module Spear.Physics.RigidBody

+(

+  RigidBody2

+, rigidBody

+, setVelocity

+, setAcceleration

+, update

+)

+where

+

+import           Spear.Math.Spatial

+import           Spear.Math.Spatial2

+import           Spear.Math.Vector

+import           Spear.Prelude

+

+import           Control.Monad.State

+import           Data.List           (foldl')

+

+

+type Dt = Float

+type Force = Vector2

+type Mass = Float

+type Position = Vector2

+type Velocity = Vector2

+type Acceleration = Vector2

+

+

+{- class RigidBody2 a where

+  bodyMass         :: a -> Float

+  bodyPosition     :: a -> Vector2

+  bodyVelocity     :: a -> Vector2

+  bodyAcceleration :: a -> Vector2 -}

+

+

+data RigidBody2 = RigidBody2

+    { bodyMass         :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Float

+    , bodyPosition     :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Position

+    , bodyVelocity     :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Velocity

+    , bodyAcceleration :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Acceleration

+    }

+

+

+instance Positional RigidBody2 Vector2 where

+  setPosition p body = body { bodyPosition = p }

+  position = bodyPosition

+  translate v body = body { bodyPosition = bodyPosition body + v }

+

+

+-- | Build a 'RigidBody'.

+rigidBody :: Mass -> Position -> RigidBody2

+rigidBody mass position = RigidBody2 mass position zero2 zero2

+

+

+-- | Set the body's velocity.

+setVelocity :: Velocity -> RigidBody2 -> RigidBody2

+setVelocity velocity body = body { bodyVelocity = velocity }

+

+

+-- | Set the body's acceleration.

+setAcceleration :: Acceleration -> RigidBody2 -> RigidBody2

+setAcceleration acceleration body = body { bodyAcceleration = acceleration }

+

+

+-- | Update the given 'RigidBody'.

+update :: [Force] -> Dt -> RigidBody2 -> RigidBody2

+update forces dt body@(RigidBody2 m p v a) =

+    let f = foldl' (+) zero2 forces

+        a' = a + (f / m)

+        v' = v + (a' * dt)

+        p' = p + (v' * dt)

+    in

+        RigidBody2 m p' v' a'

diff --git a/Spear/Render/Asset.hs b/Spear/Render/Asset.hs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..626fff5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Spear/Render/Asset.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+module Spear.Render.Asset
+(
+  TextureColourSpace(..)
+, TextureOrigin(..)
+, TextureLoadDesc(..)
+, loadTexture
+)
+where
+
+
+import           Spear.Asset.Image         as Image
+import           Spear.Game
+import           Spear.Render.Core.State
+import           Spear.Render.Core.Texture
+
+import           Foreign.Ptr
+
+
+data TextureColourSpace
+  = SRGBColourSpace
+  | LinearColourSpace
+  deriving (Eq, Show)
+
+newtype TextureOrigin
+  = TextureFromFile FilePath
+  deriving Show
+
+data TextureLoadDesc = TextureLoadDesc
+  { textureLoadDescOrigin      :: TextureOrigin
+  , textureLoadDescColourSpace :: TextureColourSpace
+  , textureLoadDescFilter      :: TextureFiltering
+  , textureLoadDescWrap        :: TextureWrapping
+  , textureLoadDescMips        :: Bool
+  }
+  deriving Show
+
+
+loadTexture :: TextureLoadDesc -> Game RenderCoreState Texture
+loadTexture desc = case textureLoadDescOrigin desc of
+  TextureFromFile filepath -> loadTextureFromFile desc
+
+-- Private
+
+loadTextureFromFile :: TextureLoadDesc -> Game RenderCoreState Texture
+loadTextureFromFile (TextureLoadDesc (TextureFromFile filepath) space filter wrap mips) = do
+  result <- withImage filepath $ \image ->
+    makeTexture $ TextureDesc
+      (Image.width  image)
+      (Image.height image)
+      0 -- depth
+      Texture2D
+      (getTextureFormat (Image.components image) space)
+      filter
+      wrap
+      mips
+      (TextureData . castPtr $ Image.pixels image)
+  case result of
+    Left err -> gameError err
+    Right _  -> return undefined
+
+getTextureFormat :: Int -> TextureColourSpace -> TextureFormat
+getTextureFormat 3 SRGBColourSpace   = TextureSRGB8
+getTextureFormat 3 LinearColourSpace = TextureRGB8
+getTextureFormat 4 SRGBColourSpace   = TextureSRGBA8
+getTextureFormat 4 LinearColourSpace = TextureRGBA8
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Core.hs b/Spear/Render/Core.hs
index b5308ce..fc49ce7 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/Core.hs
+++ b/Spear/Render/Core.hs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ module Spear.Render.Core
 , module Spear.Render.Core.Pipeline
 , module Spear.Render.Core.Shader
 , module Spear.Render.Core.State
+, module Spear.Render.Core.Texture
 )
 where
 
@@ -15,3 +16,4 @@ import           Spear.Render.Core.Geometry
 import           Spear.Render.Core.Pipeline
 import           Spear.Render.Core.Shader
 import           Spear.Render.Core.State
+import           Spear.Render.Core.Texture
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Core/Buffer.hs b/Spear/Render/Core/Buffer.hs
index a4e98a4..3003987 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/Core/Buffer.hs
+++ b/Spear/Render/Core/Buffer.hs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import           Spear.Math.Vector
 import           Spear.Render.Core.State
 
 import           Control.Monad           (unless, void)
+import           Control.Monad.IO.Class
 import qualified Data.HashMap            as HashMap
 import           Data.Word
 import           Foreign.C.Types
@@ -53,24 +54,23 @@ makeBufferAndView desc = do
 
 makeBuffer :: BufferDesc -> Game RenderCoreState Buffer
 makeBuffer (BufferDesc usage bufferData) = do
-  handle <- gameIO $ alloca $ \ptr -> glGenBuffers 1 ptr >> peek ptr
+  handle <- liftIO $ alloca $ \ptr -> glGenBuffers 1 ptr >> peek ptr
   resourceKey <- register $ deleteBuffer' handle
   let buffer = Buffer handle resourceKey usage
-  gameIO $ updateBuffer buffer bufferData
-  modifyGameState (\state -> state {
+  liftIO $ updateBuffer buffer bufferData
+  modify (\state -> state {
     buffers = HashMap.insert handle buffer (buffers state) })
   return buffer
 
 deleteBuffer :: Buffer -> Game RenderCoreState ()
 deleteBuffer buffer = do
-  let matches buffer = (==bufferHandle buffer) . bufferHandle
-  modifyGameState (\state -> state {
+  modify (\state -> state {
     buffers = HashMap.delete (bufferHandle buffer) (buffers state) })
-  release buffer
+  release' buffer
 
 -- TODO: use glBufferSubData for updates.
-updateBuffer :: Buffer -> BufferData -> IO ()
-updateBuffer buffer bufferData =
+updateBuffer :: MonadIO io => Buffer -> BufferData -> io ()
+updateBuffer buffer bufferData = liftIO $
   unless (bufferEmpty bufferData) $ do
     glBindBuffer GL_ARRAY_BUFFER (bufferHandle buffer)
     uploadData (bufferUsage buffer) bufferData
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Core/Geometry.hs b/Spear/Render/Core/Geometry.hs
index 6c05b38..05c23ec 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/Core/Geometry.hs
+++ b/Spear/Render/Core/Geometry.hs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import           Spear.Render.Core.Buffer
 import           Spear.Render.Core.Constants
 import           Spear.Render.Core.State
 
+import           Control.Monad.IO.Class
 import           Data.HashMap                as HashMap
 import           Data.IORef
 import           Data.Maybe                  (fromJust)
@@ -87,26 +88,26 @@ newGeometryDesc = GeometryDesc
 makeGeometry :: GeometryDesc -> Game RenderCoreState Geometry
 makeGeometry desc = do
   gdata  <- geometryDescToData desc
-  handle <- gameIO $ alloca $ \ptr -> glGenVertexArrays 1 ptr >> peek ptr
-  gameIO $ do
+  handle <- liftIO $ alloca $ \ptr -> glGenVertexArrays 1 ptr >> peek ptr
+  liftIO $ do
     glBindVertexArray handle
     configureVertexAttributes gdata
     glBindVertexArray 0
-  gdataRef <- gameIO $ newIORef gdata
+  gdataRef <- liftIO $ newIORef gdata
   resourceKey <- register $ deleteGeometry' handle
   let geometry = Geometry handle resourceKey gdataRef
-  modifyGameState (\state -> state {
+  modify (\state -> state {
     geometries = HashMap.insert handle geometry (geometries state) })
   return geometry
 
 deleteGeometry :: Geometry -> Game RenderCoreState ()
 deleteGeometry geometry = do
-  modifyGameState (\state -> state {
+  modify (\state -> state {
     geometries = HashMap.delete (geometryVao geometry) (geometries state) })
-  release geometry
+  release' geometry
 
-renderGeometry :: Geometry -> IO ()
-renderGeometry geometry = do
+renderGeometry :: MonadIO io => Geometry -> io ()
+renderGeometry geometry = liftIO $ do
   gdata <- readIORef (geometryData geometry)
   let mode = toGLPrimitiveType $ geometryPrimitiveType gdata
   glBindVertexArray (geometryVao geometry)
@@ -121,8 +122,8 @@ renderGeometry geometry = do
 
 -- Functions for updating dynamic geometry.
 
-setPositions :: Geometry -> [Vector3] -> IO ()
-setPositions geometry vectors = do
+setPositions :: MonadIO io => Geometry -> [Vector3] -> io ()
+setPositions geometry vectors = liftIO $ do
   gdata <- readIORef $ geometryData geometry
   case vertexPositions gdata of
     VertexPositions3d view -> do
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Core/Pipeline.hs b/Spear/Render/Core/Pipeline.hs
index 724b391..ee9c7d2 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/Core/Pipeline.hs
+++ b/Spear/Render/Core/Pipeline.hs
@@ -13,8 +13,9 @@ module Spear.Render.Core.Pipeline
 )
 where
 
-import           Data.Bits          ((.|.))
-import           Data.List          (foldl')
+import           Control.Monad.IO.Class
+import           Data.Bits              ((.|.))
+import           Data.List              (foldl')
 import           Graphics.GL.Core46
 
 
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ data BufferTarget
   | StencilBuffer
 
 
-clearBuffers :: [BufferTarget] -> IO ()
+clearBuffers :: MonadIO io => [BufferTarget] -> io ()
 clearBuffers = glClear . toBufferBitfield
   where toBufferBitfield = foldl' (.|.) 0 . (<$>) toGLEnum
         toGLEnum target = case target of
@@ -32,28 +33,28 @@ clearBuffers = glClear . toBufferBitfield
           DepthBuffer   -> GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT
           StencilBuffer -> GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT
 
-setBlending :: Bool -> IO ()
+setBlending :: MonadIO io => Bool -> io ()
 setBlending enable =
   if enable
     then glEnable  GL_BLEND >> glBlendFunc GL_SRC_ALPHA GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA
     else glDisable GL_BLEND
 
-setClearColour :: (Float, Float, Float, Float) -> IO ()
+setClearColour :: MonadIO io => (Float, Float, Float, Float) -> io ()
 setClearColour (r,g,b,a) = glClearColor r g b a
 
-setClearDepth :: Double -> IO ()
+setClearDepth :: MonadIO io => Double -> io ()
 setClearDepth = glClearDepth
 
-setClearStencil :: Int -> IO ()
+setClearStencil :: MonadIO io => Int -> io ()
 setClearStencil = glClearStencil . fromIntegral
 
-setCulling :: Bool -> IO ()
+setCulling :: MonadIO io => Bool -> io ()
 setCulling enable = (if enable then glEnable else glDisable) GL_CULL_FACE
 
-setDepthMask :: Bool -> IO ()
+setDepthMask :: MonadIO io => Bool -> io ()
 setDepthMask enable = glDepthMask (if enable then GL_TRUE else GL_FALSE)
 
-setPolygonOffset :: Float -> Float -> IO ()
+setPolygonOffset :: MonadIO io => Float -> Float -> io ()
 setPolygonOffset scale bias = do
   glPolygonOffset scale bias
   if scale /= 0 && bias /= 0
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ setPolygonOffset scale bias = do
     else glDisable GL_POLYGON_OFFSET_FILL
 
 setViewport ::
+  MonadIO io =>
   -- | x
   Int ->
   -- | y
@@ -69,6 +71,6 @@ setViewport ::
   Int ->
   -- | height
   Int ->
-  IO ()
+  io ()
 setViewport x y width height =
   glViewport (fromIntegral x) (fromIntegral y) (fromIntegral width) (fromIntegral height)
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Core/Shader.hs b/Spear/Render/Core/Shader.hs
index 4ed4430..bff5e5d 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/Core/Shader.hs
+++ b/Spear/Render/Core/Shader.hs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+
 module Spear.Render.Core.Shader
 (
   Define(..)
@@ -19,12 +21,16 @@ import           Spear.Math.Matrix4
 import           Spear.Math.Vector
 import           Spear.Render.Core.State
 
-import           Control.Monad           (mapM_)
+import           Control.Monad
+import           Control.Monad.IO.Class
 import           Data.Bits
+import           Data.ByteString         as B
 import           Data.Hashable
 import           Data.HashMap            as HashMap
 import           Data.IORef
-import           Data.List               (deleteBy, foldl', intercalate)
+import           Data.List               as List (deleteBy, foldl', intercalate)
+import           Data.Text               as T
+import           Data.Text.Encoding      as T
 import           Foreign.C.String
 import           Foreign.Marshal.Alloc
 import           Foreign.Marshal.Array
@@ -35,11 +41,12 @@ import           Graphics.GL.Core46
 import           Unsafe.Coerce
 
 
-type Define = (String, String)
+type Define = (ByteString, ByteString)
 
 data ShaderSource
-  = ShaderFromString String
-  | ShaderFromFile   FilePath
+  = ShaderFromString     String
+  | ShaderFromByteString ByteString
+  | ShaderFromFile       FilePath
   deriving Show
 
 data ShaderDesc = ShaderDesc
@@ -48,27 +55,31 @@ data ShaderDesc = ShaderDesc
   , shaderDescDefines :: [Define]
   }
 
+-- Header prepended to all shaders.
+header = "#version 400 core\n"
+
 
 compileShader :: ShaderDesc -> Game RenderCoreState Shader
 compileShader (ShaderDesc shaderType source defines) = do
   code <- case source of
-    ShaderFromString code -> return code
-    ShaderFromFile   file -> gameIO $ readFile file
-  state <- getGameState
+    ShaderFromString     code -> return (T.encodeUtf8 . T.pack $ code)
+    ShaderFromByteString code -> return code
+    ShaderFromFile       file -> liftIO $ B.readFile file
+  state <- get
   let shaderHash = hash code -- TODO: Should also include defines.
   case HashMap.lookup shaderHash (shaders state) of
     Just shader -> return shader
     Nothing -> do
       let definesString = makeDefinesString defines
-      handle <- gameIO $ glCreateShader (toGLShaderType shaderType)
-      gameIO $ withCStringLen code $ \(codeCString, codeLen) ->
-        withCStringLen definesString $ \(definesCString, definesLen) ->
+      handle <- liftIO $ glCreateShader (toGLShaderType shaderType)
+      liftIO $ B.useAsCStringLen code $ \(codeCString, codeLen) ->
+        B.useAsCStringLen definesString $ \(definesCString, definesLen) ->
           withCStringLen header $ \(headerCString, headerLen) ->
             withArray [headerCString, definesCString, codeCString] $ \strPtrs ->
               withArray (fromIntegral <$> [headerLen, definesLen, codeLen] :: [GLint])
                 $ \lengths ->
                   glShaderSource handle 3 strPtrs lengths
-      err <- gameIO $ do
+      err <- liftIO $ do
         glCompileShader handle
         alloca $ \statusPtr -> do
           glGetShaderiv handle GL_COMPILE_STATUS statusPtr
@@ -79,7 +90,7 @@ compileShader (ShaderDesc shaderType source defines) = do
               len <- peek lenPtr
               case len of
                 0 -> return $ Just ""
-                _ -> withCString (replicate (fromIntegral len) '\0') $ \logPtr -> do
+                _ -> withCString (Prelude.replicate (fromIntegral len) '\0') $ \logPtr -> do
                   glGetShaderInfoLog handle len nullPtr logPtr
                   Just <$> peekCString logPtr
             _ -> return Nothing
@@ -87,7 +98,7 @@ compileShader (ShaderDesc shaderType source defines) = do
         Nothing -> do
           resourceKey <- register $ deleteShader' handle
           let shader = Shader handle resourceKey shaderType shaderHash
-          saveGameState $ state {
+          put $ state {
             shaders = HashMap.insert shaderHash shader (shaders state)
           }
           return shader
@@ -96,17 +107,17 @@ compileShader (ShaderDesc shaderType source defines) = do
 
 compileShaderProgram :: [Shader] -> Game RenderCoreState ShaderProgram
 compileShaderProgram shaders = do
-  state <- getGameState
+  state <- get
   let programHash = hashShaders shaders
   case HashMap.lookup programHash (shaderPrograms state) of
     Just program -> return program
     Nothing -> do
-      handle <- gameIO glCreateProgram
+      handle <- liftIO glCreateProgram
       case handle of
         0 -> gameError "Failed to create shader program"
         _ -> do
-          mapM_ (gameIO . glAttachShader handle) (shaderHandle <$> shaders)
-          err <- gameIO $ do
+          mapM_ (liftIO . glAttachShader handle) (shaderHandle <$> shaders)
+          err <- liftIO $ do
             glLinkProgram handle
             alloca $ \statusPtr -> do
               glGetProgramiv handle GL_LINK_STATUS statusPtr
@@ -117,53 +128,56 @@ compileShaderProgram shaders = do
                   len <- peek lenPtr
                   case len of
                     0 -> return $ Just "Unknown error"
-                    _ -> withCString (replicate (fromIntegral len) '\0') $ \logPtr -> do
+                    _ -> withCString (Prelude.replicate (fromIntegral len) '\0') $ \logPtr -> do
                       glGetShaderInfoLog handle len nullPtr logPtr
                       Just <$> peekCString logPtr
                 _ -> return Nothing
           case err of
             Nothing -> do
               resourceKey <- register $ deleteShaderProgram' handle
-              uniforms <- gameIO $ newIORef []
+              uniforms <- liftIO $ newIORef []
               let program = ShaderProgram handle resourceKey programHash uniforms
-              saveGameState $ state {
+              put $ state {
                 shaderPrograms = HashMap.insert programHash program (shaderPrograms state)
               }
               return program
             Just err -> gameError $
               "Failed to compile shader program: " ++ err ++ "; shaders: " ++
-                intercalate ", " (show . shaderHandle <$> shaders)
+                List.intercalate ", " (show . shaderHandle <$> shaders)
 
 deleteShader :: Shader -> Game RenderCoreState ()
 deleteShader shader = do
-  modifyGameState (\state -> state {
+  modify (\state -> state {
     shaders = HashMap.delete (shaderHash shader) (shaders state) })
-  release shader
+  release' shader
 
 deleteShaderProgram :: ShaderProgram -> Game RenderCoreState ()
 deleteShaderProgram program = do
-  modifyGameState (\state -> state {
+  modify (\state -> state {
     shaderPrograms = HashMap.delete (shaderProgramHash program) (shaderPrograms state)})
-  release program
+  release' program
 
-activateShaderProgram :: ShaderProgram -> IO ()
+activateShaderProgram :: MonadIO io => ShaderProgram -> io ()
 activateShaderProgram program = do
   glUseProgram . shaderProgramHandle $ program
   applyUniforms program
 
-deactivateShaderProgram :: ShaderProgram -> IO ()
+deactivateShaderProgram :: MonadIO io => ShaderProgram -> io ()
 deactivateShaderProgram _ = glUseProgram 0
 
-setUniform :: ShaderUniform -> ShaderProgram -> IO ()
-setUniform uniform program =
+setUniform :: MonadIO io => ShaderUniform -> ShaderProgram -> io ()
+setUniform uniform program = liftIO $
   modifyIORef (shaderProgramUniforms program) (setUniform' . removeUniform)
     where removeUniform = deleteBy matchesUniform uniform
           matchesUniform uniform u = uniformName u == uniformName uniform
           setUniform' = (:) uniform
 
-applyUniforms :: ShaderProgram -> IO ()
+applyUniforms :: MonadIO io => ShaderProgram -> io ()
 applyUniforms program =
-  let update (FloatUniform name value) =
+  let handle = shaderProgramHandle program
+      isSubroutine (SubroutineUniform {}) = True
+      isSubroutine _                      = False
+      update (FloatUniform name value) =
           glGetUniformLocation' handle name >>=
             \location -> glUniform1f (fromIntegral location) value
       update (Vec3Uniform name (Vector3 x y z)) =
@@ -179,19 +193,56 @@ applyUniforms program =
       update (Mat4ArrayUniform name mat4s) =
         glGetUniformLocation' handle name >>=
           \location -> withArray mat4s $ \ptrMat4s ->
-            glUniformMatrix4fv location (fromIntegral $ length mat4s) GL_FALSE (unsafeCoerce ptrMat4s)
-      handle = shaderProgramHandle program
-  in do
+            glUniformMatrix4fv location (fromIntegral $ Prelude.length mat4s) GL_FALSE (unsafeCoerce ptrMat4s)
+      updateSubroutines shaderType subroutines = do
+        let glShaderType    = toGLShaderType shaderType
+        let uniformNames    = uniformName    <$> subroutines
+        let subroutineNames = subroutineName <$> subroutines
+        -- Uniform locations are actually indices into the uniform locations array.
+        uniformLocations <- mapM (glGetSubroutineUniformLocation' handle glShaderType) uniformNames
+        -- These are the indices, for each subroutine uniform, of the selected subroutine.
+        functionIndices  <- mapM (glGetSubroutineIndex' handle glShaderType) subroutineNames
+        -- This maps uniform locations (positions of the array) with the selected subroutine.
+        let subroutineMappings = Prelude.zip uniformLocations functionIndices
+        glUniformSubroutinesuiv' handle glShaderType subroutineMappings
+  in liftIO $ do
     uniforms <- readIORef (shaderProgramUniforms program)
-    mapM_ update uniforms
+    --print uniforms
     writeIORef (shaderProgramUniforms program) []
+    let subroutines   = Prelude.filter isSubroutine uniforms
+    let vsSubroutines = Prelude.filter ((==VertexShader)   . subroutineShaderType) subroutines
+    let fsSubroutines = Prelude.filter ((==FragmentShader) . subroutineShaderType) subroutines
+    let otherUniforms = Prelude.filter (not . isSubroutine) uniforms
+    mapM_ update otherUniforms
+    unless (Prelude.null vsSubroutines) $ updateSubroutines VertexShader   vsSubroutines
+    unless (Prelude.null fsSubroutines) $ updateSubroutines FragmentShader fsSubroutines
 
 -- Private
 
 glGetUniformLocation' :: GLuint -> String -> IO GLint
-glGetUniformLocation' handle name =
-  withCString name $ \nameCStr ->
-    glGetUniformLocation (fromIntegral handle) (unsafeCoerce nameCStr)
+glGetUniformLocation' programHandle name =
+  withCString name $ \pNameCstr ->
+    glGetUniformLocation (fromIntegral programHandle) pNameCstr
+
+glGetSubroutineUniformLocation' :: GLuint -> GLuint -> String -> IO GLint
+glGetSubroutineUniformLocation' programHandle glShaderType name =
+  withCString name $ \pNameCstr ->
+    glGetSubroutineUniformLocation (fromIntegral programHandle) glShaderType pNameCstr
+
+glGetSubroutineIndex' :: GLuint -> GLuint -> String -> IO GLuint
+glGetSubroutineIndex' programHandle glShaderType subroutineName =
+  withCString subroutineName $ \pNameCstr ->
+    glGetSubroutineIndex programHandle glShaderType pNameCstr
+
+glUniformSubroutinesuiv' :: GLuint -> GLuint -> [(GLint,GLuint)] -> IO ()
+glUniformSubroutinesuiv' programHandle glShaderType subroutineMappings = do
+  numActiveLocations <- alloca $ \ptr -> do
+    glGetProgramStageiv programHandle glShaderType GL_ACTIVE_SUBROUTINE_UNIFORM_LOCATIONS ptr
+    peek ptr
+  allocaArray (fromIntegral numActiveLocations) $ \pLocations -> do
+    forM_ subroutineMappings $ \(uniformLocation, functionIndex) ->
+      poke (advancePtr pLocations $ fromIntegral uniformLocation) functionIndex
+    glUniformSubroutinesuiv glShaderType numActiveLocations pLocations
 
 deleteShader' :: GLuint -> IO ()
 deleteShader' = glDeleteShader
@@ -200,7 +251,7 @@ deleteShaderProgram' :: GLuint -> IO ()
 deleteShaderProgram' = glDeleteProgram
 
 hashShaders :: [Shader] -> Int
-hashShaders = foldl' hashF 0
+hashShaders = List.foldl' hashF 0
   where hashF hash shader = (hash `shiftL` 32) .|. fromIntegral (shaderHandle shader)
 
 toGLShaderType :: ShaderType -> GLenum
@@ -208,9 +259,6 @@ toGLShaderType VertexShader   = GL_VERTEX_SHADER
 toGLShaderType FragmentShader = GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER
 toGLShaderType ComputeShader  = GL_COMPUTE_SHADER
 
-makeDefinesString :: [Define] -> String
-makeDefinesString defines = intercalate "\n" body ++ "\n"
-  where body = (\(name, value) -> "#define " ++ name ++ " " ++ value) <$> defines
-
--- Header prepended to all shaders.
-header = "#version 400 core\n"
+makeDefinesString :: [Define] -> ByteString
+makeDefinesString defines = B.concat [B.intercalate "\n" body, "\n"]
+  where body = (\(name, value) -> B.concat ["#define ", name, " ", value]) <$> defines
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Core/State.hs b/Spear/Render/Core/State.hs
index f7e5627..b316e3e 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/Core/State.hs
+++ b/Spear/Render/Core/State.hs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ data BufferUsage
 -- | A data buffer (e.g., vertex attributes, indices).
 data Buffer = Buffer
   { bufferHandle   :: GLuint
-  , bufferResource :: Resource
+  , bufferResource :: ReleaseKey
   , bufferUsage    :: BufferUsage
   }
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ data GeometryData = GeometryData
 -- its state cannot become stale after an update.
 data Geometry = Geometry
   { geometryVao      :: GLuint
-  , geometryResource :: Resource
+  , geometryResource :: ReleaseKey
   , geometryData     :: IORef GeometryData
   }
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ data Geometry = Geometry
 -- | A shader.
 data Shader = Shader
   { shaderHandle   :: GLuint
-  , shaderResource :: Resource
+  , shaderResource :: ReleaseKey
   , shaderType     :: ShaderType
   , shaderHash     :: Int
   }
@@ -93,37 +93,74 @@ data ShaderType
 
 -- | A shader uniform.
 data ShaderUniform
-  = FloatUniform     { uniformName :: String, uniformFloat :: Float }
-  | Vec3Uniform      { uniformName :: String, uniformVec3  :: Vector3 }
-  | Vec4Uniform      { uniformName :: String, uniformVec4  :: Vector4 }
-  | Mat4Uniform      { uniformName :: String, uniformMat4  :: Matrix4 }
-  | Mat4ArrayUniform { uniformName :: String, uniformMat4s :: [Matrix4] }
+  = FloatUniform      { uniformName :: String, uniformFloat         :: Float }
+  | Vec3Uniform       { uniformName :: String, uniformVec3          :: Vector3 }
+  | Vec4Uniform       { uniformName :: String, uniformVec4          :: Vector4 }
+  | Mat4Uniform       { uniformName :: String, uniformMat4          :: Matrix4 }
+  | Mat4ArrayUniform  { uniformName :: String, uniformMat4s         :: [Matrix4] }
+  | SubroutineUniform { uniformName :: String, subroutineName       :: String,
+                                               subroutineShaderType :: ShaderType }
+  deriving (Show)
 
 -- | A shader program.
 data ShaderProgram = ShaderProgram
   { shaderProgramHandle   :: GLuint
-  , shaderProgramResource :: Resource
+  , shaderProgramResource :: ReleaseKey
   , shaderProgramHash     :: Int
-  -- Dirty set of uniforms that have been set since the last time uniforms were
-  -- applied. OpenGL retains the values of uniforms for a program until the
-  -- program is linked again, so we only need to store the updates here.
+  -- https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/Shader_Subroutine#Runtime_selection
+  -- OpenGL distinguishes between two types of uniforms:
+  --
+  --   Program State: preserved across shader program activations and
+  --     deactivations. These uniforms only need to be reset if the program is
+  --     relinked.
+  --
+  --   Context State: not preserved across activations. If the program is
+  --     deactivated and re-activated, these uniforms must be reset.
+  --
+  -- Context State uniforms include: texture bindings, uniform buffer bindings,
+  -- and subroutine uniforms. These are typically properties of a material, so
+  -- they are not stored here in ShaderProgram.
+  --
+  -- Program State uniforms include: floats, vectors and matrices. These may
+  -- also be properties of a material, or could be more general properties that
+  -- configure the shader's behaviour.
+  --
+  -- Below is the set of Program State uniforms that have been set since the
+  -- last time uniforms were applied (dirty set). State Uniform changes are
+  -- stored in this list and only flushed on a call to `applyUniforms` (see
+  -- Shader.hs).
+  -- Since the state of this type of uniforms is preserved across activations,
+  -- we only need to reset the values of the dirty ones.
   , shaderProgramUniforms :: IORef [ShaderUniform]
   }
 
 
+-- | A texture.
+data Texture = Texture
+  { textureHandle   :: GLuint
+  , textureResource :: ReleaseKey
+  , textureTarget   :: GLenum
+  , textureFormat   :: GLenum
+  , textureType     :: GLenum
+  , textureWidth    :: Int
+  , textureHeight   :: Int
+  , textureDepth    :: Int
+  }
+
+
 -- | Core render state.
 data RenderCoreState = RenderCoreState
   { buffers        :: Map GLuint Buffer
   , geometries     :: Map GLuint Geometry
   , shaders        :: Map ShaderHash Shader
   , shaderPrograms :: Map ShaderProgramHash ShaderProgram
+  , textures       :: Map GLuint Texture
   }
 
 type ShaderHash = Int
 type ShaderProgramHash = Int
 
 
-
 instance ResourceClass Buffer where
   getResource = bufferResource
 
@@ -136,6 +173,9 @@ instance ResourceClass Shader where
 instance ResourceClass ShaderProgram where
   getResource = shaderProgramResource
 
+instance ResourceClass Texture where
+  getResource = textureResource
+
 
 newRenderCoreState :: RenderCoreState
 newRenderCoreState = RenderCoreState
@@ -143,4 +183,5 @@ newRenderCoreState = RenderCoreState
   , geometries     = HashMap.empty
   , shaders        = HashMap.empty
   , shaderPrograms = HashMap.empty
+  , textures       = HashMap.empty
   }
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Core/Texture.hs b/Spear/Render/Core/Texture.hs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5934235
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Spear/Render/Core/Texture.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+module Spear.Render.Core.Texture
+(
+  TextureDimension(..)
+, TextureFormat(..)
+, TextureFiltering(..)
+, TextureWrapping(..)
+, TextureDataDesc(..)
+, TextureDesc(..)
+, makeTexture
+, deleteTexture
+, updateTexture
+)
+where
+
+import           Spear.Game
+import           Spear.Render.Core.State
+
+import           Control.Monad
+import           Data.HashMap            as HashMap
+import           Foreign.Marshal.Alloc
+import           Foreign.Ptr
+import           Foreign.Storable
+import           Graphics.GL.Core46
+
+
+data CubemapFace
+  = CubemapFacePosX
+  | CubemapFaceNegX
+  | CubemapFacePosY
+  | CubemapFaceNegY
+  | CubemapFacePosZ
+  | CubemapFaceNegZ
+  deriving (Eq, Show)
+
+data TextureDimension
+  = Texture1D
+  | Texture2D
+  | Texture3D
+  deriving (Eq, Show)
+
+data TextureFormat
+  = TextureDepth
+  | TextureRG16
+  | TextureRG16F
+  | TextureRGB8
+  | TextureR11G11B10F
+  | TextureRGBA8
+  | TextureSRGB8
+  | TextureSRGBA8
+  deriving (Eq, Show)
+
+data TextureFiltering
+  = NearestFiltering
+  | LinearFiltering
+  deriving (Eq, Show)
+
+data TextureWrapping
+  = TextureRepeat
+  | TextureClampToEdge
+  deriving (Eq, Show)
+
+data TextureDataDesc
+  = TextureData { pixels :: Ptr () }
+  | CubemapData
+  { pixelsPosX :: Ptr ()
+  , pixelsNegX :: Ptr ()
+  , pixelsPosY :: Ptr ()
+  , pixelsNegY :: Ptr ()
+  , pixelsPosZ :: Ptr ()
+  , pixelsNegZ :: Ptr ()
+  } deriving (Show)
+
+data TextureDesc = TextureDesc
+  { textureDescWidth     :: Int
+  , textureDescHeight    :: Int
+  , textureDescDepth     :: Int
+  , textureDescDimension :: TextureDimension
+  , textureDescFormat    :: TextureFormat
+  , textureDescFiltering :: TextureFiltering
+  , textureDescWrapping  :: TextureWrapping
+  , textureDescMipmaps   :: Bool
+  , textureDescData      :: TextureDataDesc
+  } deriving (Show)
+
+
+-- | Create a texture.
+makeTexture :: TextureDesc -> Game RenderCoreState Texture
+makeTexture desc@(TextureDesc width height depth dim format filter wrap mips texData) = do
+  handle <- liftIO . alloca $ \ptr -> glGenTextures 1 ptr >> peek ptr
+  resourceKey <- register $ deleteTexture' handle
+  let
+    glTarget    = toGLDimension dim
+    glFormat    = toGLFormat format
+    glType      = toGLType format
+    glInternalFormat = toGLInternalFormat format
+    texture     = Texture handle resourceKey glTarget glFormat glType width height depth
+    levels      = if mips then floor $ logBase 2 (fromIntegral $ maximum [width, height, depth]) + 1 else 1
+    glWrap      = fromIntegral . fromEnum $ toGLWrap wrap
+    glMinFilter = fromIntegral $ toGLMinFilter mips filter
+    glMagFilter = fromIntegral $ toGLMagFilter filter
+    glWidth     = fromIntegral width
+    glHeight    = fromIntegral height
+    glDepth     = fromIntegral depth
+  glBindTexture glTarget handle
+  case glTarget of
+    GL_TEXTURE_1D       -> glTexStorage1D glTarget levels glInternalFormat glWidth
+    GL_TEXTURE_2D       -> glTexStorage2D glTarget levels glInternalFormat glWidth glHeight
+    GL_TEXTURE_3D       -> glTexStorage3D glTarget levels glInternalFormat glWidth glHeight glDepth
+    GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP -> glTexStorage2D glTarget levels glInternalFormat glWidth glHeight
+  forM_ [GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T] $ \wrapDim ->
+    glTexParameteri glTarget wrapDim glWrap
+  glTexParameteri glTarget GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER glMinFilter
+  glTexParameteri glTarget GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER glMagFilter
+  updateTexture' texture texData
+  when mips $ glGenerateMipmap glTarget
+  glBindTexture glTarget 0
+  modify $ \state -> state {
+    textures = HashMap.insert handle texture (textures state)
+  }
+  return texture
+
+-- | Delete the texture.
+deleteTexture :: Texture -> Game RenderCoreState ()
+deleteTexture texture = do
+  modify $ \state -> state {
+    textures = HashMap.delete (textureHandle texture) (textures state)
+  }
+  release' texture
+
+-- | Update the texture's data.
+updateTexture :: Texture -> TextureDataDesc -> Game RenderCoreState ()
+updateTexture texture desc = do
+  let glTarget = textureTarget texture
+  glBindTexture  glTarget (textureHandle texture)
+  updateTexture' texture desc
+  glBindTexture  glTarget 0
+
+-- Private
+
+deleteTexture' :: GLuint -> IO ()
+deleteTexture' handle = undefined
+
+-- Assumes texture is already bound.
+updateTexture' :: Texture -> TextureDataDesc -> Game RenderCoreState ()
+updateTexture' texture desc = do
+  let
+    glTarget = textureTarget texture
+    glFormat = textureFormat texture
+    glType   = textureType   texture
+    width    = fromIntegral $ textureWidth  texture
+    height   = fromIntegral $ textureHeight texture
+    depth    = fromIntegral $ textureDepth  texture
+    level    = 0
+    xoffset  = 0
+    yoffset  = 0
+    zoffset  = 0
+  case glTarget of
+    GL_TEXTURE_1D       -> glTexSubImage1D glTarget level xoffset                 width              glFormat glType (pixels desc)
+    GL_TEXTURE_2D       -> glTexSubImage2D glTarget level xoffset yoffset         width height       glFormat glType (pixels desc)
+    GL_TEXTURE_3D       -> glTexSubImage3D glTarget level xoffset yoffset zoffset width height depth glFormat glType (pixels desc)
+    GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP -> forM_ [0..5] $ \i ->
+      let i' = fromIntegral i
+      in glTexSubImage2D (GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i) level xoffset yoffset width height glFormat glType (cubemapFacePixels desc i')
+
+cubemapFacePixels :: TextureDataDesc -> Int -> Ptr ()
+cubemapFacePixels desc@(CubemapData posX negX posY negY posZ negZ) i = case i of
+  0 -> posX
+  1 -> negX
+  2 -> posY
+  3 -> negY
+  4 -> posZ
+  5 -> negZ
+
+toGLDimension :: TextureDimension -> GLenum
+toGLDimension dim
+  | dim == Texture1D = GL_TEXTURE_1D
+  | dim == Texture2D = GL_TEXTURE_2D
+  | dim == Texture3D = GL_TEXTURE_3D
+
+toGLInternalFormat :: TextureFormat -> GLenum
+toGLInternalFormat format
+  | format == TextureDepth      = GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT
+  | format == TextureRG16       = GL_RG16
+  | format == TextureRG16F      = GL_RG16F
+  | format == TextureRGB8       = GL_RGB8
+  | format == TextureR11G11B10F = GL_R11F_G11F_B10F
+  | format == TextureRGBA8      = GL_RGBA8
+  | format == TextureSRGB8      = GL_SRGB8
+  | format == TextureSRGBA8     = GL_SRGB8_ALPHA8
+
+toGLFormat :: TextureFormat -> GLenum
+toGLFormat format
+  | format == TextureDepth      = GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT
+  | format == TextureRG16       = GL_RG
+  | format == TextureRG16F      = GL_RG
+  | format == TextureRGB8       = GL_RGB
+  | format == TextureR11G11B10F = GL_RGB
+  | format == TextureRGBA8      = GL_RGBA
+  | format == TextureSRGB8      = GL_RGB
+  | format == TextureSRGBA8     = GL_RGBA
+
+toGLType :: TextureFormat -> GLenum
+toGLType format
+  | format == TextureDepth      = GL_FLOAT
+  | format == TextureRG16       = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE
+  | format == TextureRG16F      = GL_FLOAT
+  | format == TextureRGB8       = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE
+  | format == TextureR11G11B10F = GL_FLOAT
+  | format == TextureRGBA8      = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE
+  | format == TextureSRGB8      = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE
+  | format == TextureSRGBA8     = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE
+
+toGLCubemapFace :: CubemapFace -> GLenum
+toGLCubemapFace face
+  | face == CubemapFacePosX = GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X
+  | face == CubemapFaceNegX = GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_X
+  | face == CubemapFacePosY = GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Y
+  | face == CubemapFaceNegY = GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Y
+  | face == CubemapFacePosZ = GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Z
+  | face == CubemapFaceNegZ = GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Z
+
+toGLWrap :: TextureWrapping -> GLenum
+toGLWrap wrap
+  | wrap == TextureRepeat      = GL_REPEAT
+  | wrap == TextureClampToEdge = GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE
+
+toGLMinFilter :: Bool -> TextureFiltering -> GLenum
+toGLMinFilter False NearestFiltering = GL_NEAREST
+toGLMinFilter False LinearFiltering  = GL_LINEAR
+toGLMinFilter True  NearestFiltering = GL_NEAREST_MIPMAP_NEAREST
+toGLMinFilter True  LinearFiltering  = GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR
+
+toGLMagFilter :: TextureFiltering -> GLenum
+toGLMagFilter NearestFiltering = GL_NEAREST
+toGLMagFilter LinearFiltering  = GL_LINEAR
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Immediate.hs b/Spear/Render/Immediate.hs
index 3c5f6ad..95f533d 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/Immediate.hs
+++ b/Spear/Render/Immediate.hs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ module Spear.Render.Immediate
 , immPopMatrix
 , immPreservingMatrix
 , immSetColour
+, immSetTexture
 , immSetModelMatrix
 , immSetViewProjectionMatrix
 )
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ import           Spear.Render.Core.Buffer
 import           Spear.Render.Core.Geometry
 import           Spear.Render.Core.Shader
 import           Spear.Render.Core.State    hiding (shaders)
+import           Spear.Render.Shaders       as Shaders
 
 import           Control.Monad              (unless)
 import           Data.List                  (foldl')
@@ -47,11 +49,8 @@ data ImmRenderState = ImmRenderState
 
 newImmRenderer :: Game RenderCoreState ImmRenderState
 newImmRenderer = do
-  -- TODO: Move shaders to Spear project.
-  vs <- compileShader $ ShaderDesc VertexShader
-    (ShaderFromFile "/home/jeanne/src/gfx/gfx/shaders/immediate_mode.vert") []
-  ps <- compileShader $ ShaderDesc FragmentShader
-    (ShaderFromFile "/home/jeanne/src/gfx/gfx/shaders/immediate_mode.frag") []
+  vs <- compileShader $ ShaderDesc VertexShader   (ShaderFromByteString Shaders.immediateModeVert) []
+  ps <- compileShader $ ShaderDesc FragmentShader (ShaderFromByteString Shaders.immediateModeFrag) []
   shader <- compileShaderProgram [vs, ps]
 
   triangles <- makeGeometry $ newGeometryDesc
@@ -74,27 +73,28 @@ deleteImmRenderer immState = do
   deleteGeometry (triangles immState)
 
 -- The functions below are all defined inside the Game ImmRenderState monad so
--- that all of the drawing can conveniently happen inside the monad.
+-- that all of the drawing can conveniently happen inside the monad. They could
+-- technically be defined inside MonadIO, but then we would have to explicitly
+-- pass in the ImmRenderState.
 
 immStart :: Game ImmRenderState ()
 immStart = do
-  state <- getGameState
-  gameIO $ activateShaderProgram (shader state)
+  state <- get
+  activateShaderProgram (shader state)
 
 immEnd :: Game ImmRenderState ()
 immEnd = do
-  state <- getGameState
-  gameIO $ deactivateShaderProgram (shader state)
+  state <- get
+  deactivateShaderProgram (shader state)
 
 immDrawTriangles :: [Vector3] -> Game ImmRenderState ()
-immDrawTriangles vertices = do
+immDrawTriangles vertices =
   unless (null vertices) $ do
     loadMatrixStack
-    state <- getGameState
-    gameIO $ do
-      setPositions (triangles state) vertices
-      applyUniforms (shader state)
-      renderGeometry (triangles state)
+    state <- get
+    setPositions (triangles state) vertices
+    applyUniforms (shader state)
+    renderGeometry (triangles state)
 
 -- NOTE: consider using triangle strips for quads. This will require a separate
 -- Geometry. Using Vector3 for everything currently makes this simple.
@@ -112,42 +112,45 @@ immDrawQuads2d =
   immDrawQuads . (<$>) (\(p0, p1, p2, p3) -> (to3d p0, to3d p1, to3d p2, to3d p3))
 
 immLoadIdentity :: Game ImmRenderState ()
-immLoadIdentity = modifyGameState $ \state -> state {
+immLoadIdentity = modify $ \state -> state {
   matrixStack = [Matrix4.id] }
 
 immTranslate :: Vector3 -> Game ImmRenderState ()
-immTranslate vector = modifyGameState $ pushMatrix (Matrix4.translatev vector)
+immTranslate vector = modify $ pushMatrix (Matrix4.translatev vector)
 
 immPushMatrix :: Matrix4 -> Game ImmRenderState ()
-immPushMatrix matrix = modifyGameState $ pushMatrix matrix
+immPushMatrix matrix = modify $ pushMatrix matrix
 
 immPopMatrix :: Game ImmRenderState ()
-immPopMatrix = modifyGameState $ \state -> state {
+immPopMatrix = modify $ \state -> state {
   matrixStack = case matrixStack state of
     [x]  -> [x] -- Always keep the identity matrix on the stack.
     x:xs -> xs }
 
 immPreservingMatrix :: Game ImmRenderState a -> Game ImmRenderState a
 immPreservingMatrix f = do
-  originalStack <- matrixStack <$> getGameState
+  originalStack <- matrixStack <$> get
   result <- f
-  modifyGameState $ \state -> state { matrixStack = originalStack }
+  modify $ \state -> state { matrixStack = originalStack }
   return result
 
 immSetColour :: Vector4 -> Game ImmRenderState ()
 immSetColour colour = do
-  state <- getGameState
-  gameIO $ setUniform (Vec4Uniform "Colour" colour) (shader state)
+  shaderProgram <- shader <$> get
+  setUniform (Vec4Uniform "Colour" colour) shaderProgram
+  setUniform (SubroutineUniform "GetColour" "GetConstantColour" FragmentShader) shaderProgram
+
+immSetTexture = undefined -- TODO
 
 immSetModelMatrix :: Matrix4 -> Game ImmRenderState ()
 immSetModelMatrix model = do
-  state <- getGameState
-  gameIO $ setUniform (Mat4Uniform "Model" model) (shader state)
+  shaderProgram <- shader <$> get
+  setUniform (Mat4Uniform "Model" model) shaderProgram
 
 immSetViewProjectionMatrix :: Matrix4 -> Game ImmRenderState ()
 immSetViewProjectionMatrix viewProjection = do
-  state <- getGameState
-  gameIO $ setUniform (Mat4Uniform "ViewProjection" viewProjection) (shader state)
+  shaderProgram <- shader <$> get
+  setUniform (Mat4Uniform "ViewProjection" viewProjection) shaderProgram
 
 -- Private
 
@@ -157,7 +160,7 @@ pushMatrix matrix state = state {
 
 loadMatrixStack :: Game ImmRenderState ()
 loadMatrixStack = do
-  state <- getGameState
+  state <- get
   immSetModelMatrix (head $ matrixStack state)
 
 to3d :: Vector2 -> Vector3
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Shaders.hs b/Spear/Render/Shaders.hs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdf403d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Spear/Render/Shaders.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE TemplateHaskell #-}
+
+module Spear.Render.Shaders where
+
+import           Data.ByteString
+import           Data.FileEmbed
+
+immediateModeFrag :: ByteString
+immediateModeFrag = $(embedFile "Spear/Render/Shaders/immediate_mode.frag")
+
+immediateModeVert :: ByteString
+immediateModeVert = $(embedFile "Spear/Render/Shaders/immediate_mode.vert")
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Shaders/immediate_mode.frag b/Spear/Render/Shaders/immediate_mode.frag
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8884a1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Spear/Render/Shaders/immediate_mode.frag
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+precision highp float;
+
+subroutine vec4    GetColour_f();
+subroutine uniform GetColour_f GetColour;
+
+uniform vec4 Colour;
+
+uniform sampler2D ColourTexture;
+in vec2 Texcoord;
+
+out vec4 FragColour;
+
+subroutine(GetColour_f)
+vec4 GetConstantColour()
+{
+  return Colour;
+}
+
+subroutine(GetColour_f)
+vec4 GetTextureColour()
+{
+  return texture(ColourTexture, Texcoord).rgba;
+}
+
+vec3 Gamma(vec3 colour) { return pow(colour, vec3(1.0 / 2.2)); }
+
+void main()
+{
+  vec4 colour = GetColour();
+  FragColour = vec4(Gamma(colour.rgb), Colour.a);
+}
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Shaders/immediate_mode.vert b/Spear/Render/Shaders/immediate_mode.vert
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65070bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Spear/Render/Shaders/immediate_mode.vert
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+precision highp float;
+
+uniform mat4 Model;
+uniform mat4 ViewProjection;
+
+layout (location = 0) in vec3 vPosition;
+
+void main()
+{
+  gl_Position = ViewProjection * Model * vec4(vPosition, 1.0);
+}
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Triangle.hs b/Spear/Render/Triangle.hs
deleted file mode 100644
index 49f4418..0000000
--- a/Spear/Render/Triangle.hs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-module Spear.Render.Triangle

-(

-)

-where

-

-

-import Spear.GL

-

diff --git a/Spear/Sound/Sound.hs b/Spear/Sound/Sound.hs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..887cf97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Spear/Sound/Sound.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+module Spear.Sound.Sound
+( LoopMode(..)
+, withSoundContext
+, initSoundSystem
+, destroySoundSystem
+, loadAudioFile
+, deleteSoundBuffer
+, makeSoundSource
+, deleteSoundSource
+, setSoundSourceBuffer
+, setSoundLoopMode
+, playSounds
+)
+where
+
+import           Spear.Game
+import           Spear.Sound.State
+
+import           Control.Monad.IO.Class
+import           Data.Set               as Set
+import           Data.StateVar          (($=))
+import qualified Sound.ALUT             as AL
+
+
+data LoopMode
+  = SingleShot
+  | Loop
+  deriving (Show)
+
+
+-- | Create the sound context and run an IO action within the context.
+withSoundContext :: IO a -> IO a
+withSoundContext action = AL.withProgNameAndArgs AL.runALUT $
+  \name args -> action
+
+-- | Initialize the sound system.
+initSoundSystem :: Game () SoundState
+initSoundSystem = return newSoundState
+
+-- | Destroy the sound system.
+destroySoundSystem :: Game SoundState ()
+destroySoundSystem = do
+  state <- get
+  -- The order here matters; sources before buffers since buffers are attached
+  -- to sources.
+  mapM_ release' (toList $ sources state)
+  mapM_ release' (toList $ buffers state)
+  put newSoundState
+
+-- | Load an audio file.
+loadAudioFile :: FilePath -> Game SoundState SoundBuffer
+loadAudioFile path = do
+  alBuffer <- liftIO $ AL.createBuffer (AL.File path)
+  resourceKey <- register $ AL.deleteObjectName alBuffer
+  let buffer = SoundBuffer alBuffer resourceKey
+  modify (\state -> state {
+    buffers = Set.insert buffer (buffers state)
+  })
+  return buffer
+
+-- | Delete the sound buffer.
+deleteSoundBuffer :: SoundBuffer -> Game SoundState ()
+deleteSoundBuffer buffer = do
+  modify (\state -> state {
+    buffers = Set.delete buffer (buffers state)
+  })
+  release' buffer
+
+-- | Create a sound source.
+--
+-- The new source sounds flat, like background music or sound effects in a 2D
+-- game. Change the source's (and listener's) properties to simulate 3D sound.
+makeSoundSource :: Game SoundState SoundSource
+makeSoundSource = do
+  alSource <- AL.genObjectName
+  resourceKey <- register $ AL.deleteObjectName alSource
+  let source = SoundSource alSource resourceKey
+  modify (\state -> state {
+    sources = Set.insert source (sources state)
+  })
+  return source
+
+-- | Delete the sound source.
+deleteSoundSource :: SoundSource -> Game SoundState ()
+deleteSoundSource source = do
+  modify (\state -> state {
+    sources = Set.delete source (sources state)
+  })
+  release' source
+
+-- | Set the sound that the sound source emits.
+setSoundSourceBuffer :: MonadIO io => SoundSource -> SoundBuffer -> io ()
+setSoundSourceBuffer source buffer =
+  AL.buffer (alSource source) $= Just (alBuffer buffer)
+
+-- | Set the sound's loop mode.
+setSoundLoopMode :: MonadIO io => SoundSource -> LoopMode -> io ()
+setSoundLoopMode source mode = AL.loopingMode (alSource source) $= alMode mode
+  where alMode SingleShot = AL.OneShot
+        alMode Loop       = AL.Looping
+
+-- | Play the sound sources.
+playSounds :: MonadIO io => [SoundSource] -> io ()
+playSounds = AL.play . (alSource <$>)
diff --git a/Spear/Sound/State.hs b/Spear/Sound/State.hs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d843de5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Spear/Sound/State.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+module Spear.Sound.State where
+
+import           Spear.Game
+
+import           Data.Hashable
+import           Data.Set      as Set
+import qualified Sound.ALUT    as AL
+
+
+-- | A sound buffer.
+data SoundBuffer = SoundBuffer
+  { alBuffer       :: AL.Buffer
+  , bufferResource :: ReleaseKey
+  }
+
+-- | A sound source.
+data SoundSource = SoundSource
+  { alSource       :: AL.Source
+  , sourceResource :: ReleaseKey
+  }
+
+-- | Sound state.
+data SoundState = SoundState
+  { buffers :: Set SoundBuffer
+  , sources :: Set SoundSource
+  }
+
+
+instance ResourceClass SoundBuffer where
+  getResource = bufferResource
+
+instance ResourceClass SoundSource where
+  getResource = sourceResource
+
+instance Eq SoundBuffer where
+  a == b = alBuffer a == alBuffer b
+
+instance Eq SoundSource where
+  a == b = alSource a == alSource b
+
+instance Ord SoundBuffer where
+  a <  b = alBuffer a <  alBuffer b
+  a <= b = alBuffer a <= alBuffer b
+
+instance Ord SoundSource where
+  a < b  = alSource a <  alSource b
+  a <= b = alSource a <= alSource b
+
+
+newSoundState :: SoundState
+newSoundState = SoundState
+  { buffers = Set.empty
+  , sources = Set.empty
+  }
diff --git a/Spear/Step.hs b/Spear/Step.hs
index cb4f71c..43c3415 100644
--- a/Spear/Step.hs
+++ b/Spear/Step.hs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ module Spear.Step
     (.>),
     (<.),
     szip,
+    swhen,
     switch,
     multiSwitch,
   )
@@ -36,21 +37,34 @@ type Elapsed = Float
 type Dt = Float
 
 -- | A step function.
-newtype Step state events input a = Step
-  { runStep :: Elapsed -> Dt -> state -> events -> input -> (a, Step state events input a)
+newtype Step state events input output = Step
+  { runStep :: Elapsed -> Dt -> state -> events -> input -> (output, Step state events input output)
   }
 
-instance Functor (Step s e a) where
+instance Functor (Step state events input) where
   fmap f (Step s1) = Step $ \elapsed dt g e x ->
     let (a, s') = s1 elapsed dt g e x
      in (f a, fmap f s')
 
-instance Semigroup (Step s e a a) where
+instance Semigroup (Step state events input input) where
   (<>) = (.>)
 
-instance Monoid (Step s e a a) where
+instance Monoid (Step state events input input) where
   mempty = sid
 
+instance Applicative (Step state events input) where
+  pure = sreturn
+  fStep <*> inputStep = Step $ \t dt state events input ->
+    let (a, inputStep') = runStep inputStep t dt state events input
+        (f, fStep')     = runStep fStep     t dt state events input
+    in (f a, fStep' <*> inputStep')
+
+instance Monad (Step state events input) where
+  return = pure
+  inputStep >>= f = Step $ \t dt state events input ->
+    let (a, inputStep') = runStep inputStep t dt state events input
+    in runStep (f a) t dt state events input
+
 -- | Construct a step from a function.
 step :: (Elapsed -> Dt -> s -> e -> a -> (b, Step s e a b)) -> Step s e a b
 step = Step
@@ -63,6 +77,10 @@ sid = Step $ \_ _ _ _ a -> (a, sid)
 spure :: (a -> b) -> Step s e a b
 spure f = Step $ \_ _ _ _ x -> (f x, spure f)
 
+-- | Construct a step that returns a constant value.
+sreturn :: b -> Step s e a b
+sreturn b = Step $ \_ _ _ _ _ -> (b, sreturn b)
+
 -- | The step that returns the first component in the tuple.
 sfst :: Step s e (a, b) a
 sfst = spure fst
@@ -73,29 +91,12 @@ ssnd = spure snd
 
 -- | Construct a step that folds a given list of inputs.
 --
--- The step is run N+1 times, where N is the size of the input list.
+-- The step is run once per input, or not at all if the list is empty.
 sfold :: Step s (Maybe e) a a -> Step s [e] a a
 sfold s = Step $ \elapsed dt g es a ->
-  case es of
-    [] ->
-      let (b', s') = runStep s elapsed dt g Nothing a
-       in (b', sfold s')
-    es ->
-      let (b', s') = sfold' elapsed dt g s a es
-       in (b', sfold s')
-
-sfold' ::
-  Elapsed ->
-  Dt ->
-  s ->
-  Step s (Maybe e) a a ->
-  a ->
-  [e] ->
-  (a, Step s (Maybe e) a a)
-sfold' elapsed dt g s a = foldl' f (a', s')
-  where
-    f (a, s) e = runStep s elapsed dt g (Just e) a
-    (a', s') = runStep s elapsed dt g Nothing a
+  let (a', s')   = foldl' f (a, s) es
+      f (a, s) e = runStep s elapsed dt g (Just e) a
+  in (a', sfold s')
 
 -- Combinators
 
@@ -117,9 +118,22 @@ szip f (Step s1) (Step s2) = Step $ \elapsed dt g e d ->
       (b, s2') = s2 elapsed dt g e d
    in (f a b, szip f s1' s2')
 
--- | Construct a step that switches between two steps based on input.
+-- | Construct a step that is executed when the given event occurs.
+swhen :: Eq e => e -> Step s () a a -> Step s (Maybe e) a a
+swhen expectedEvent step = Step $ \elapsed dt state maybeEvent a ->
+  case maybeEvent of
+    Nothing -> (a, swhen expectedEvent step)
+    Just event ->
+      if event == expectedEvent
+      then let (a', step') = runStep step elapsed dt state () a
+             in (a', swhen expectedEvent step')
+      else (a, swhen expectedEvent step)
+
+-- | Construct a step that switches between two steps based on input events.
 --
--- The initial step is the first one.
+-- The current step runs with every 'runStep' even when there are no new events.
+--
+-- The initial step is the identity, 'sid'.
 switch ::
   Eq e =>
   e ->
@@ -127,16 +141,8 @@ switch ::
   e ->
   Step s (Maybe e) a a ->
   Step s (Maybe e) a a
-switch flag1 s1 flag2 s2 = switch' s1 flag1 s1 flag2 s2
+switch = switch' sid
 
-switch' ::
-  Eq e =>
-  Step s (Maybe e) a a ->
-  e ->
-  Step s (Maybe e) a a ->
-  e ->
-  Step s (Maybe e) a a ->
-  Step s (Maybe e) a a
 switch' cur flag1 s1 flag2 s2 = Step $ \elapsed dt g e a ->
   case e of
     Nothing ->
@@ -146,11 +152,15 @@ switch' cur flag1 s1 flag2 s2 = Step $ \elapsed dt g e a ->
       let next
             | e' == flag1 = s1
             | e' == flag2 = s2
-            | otherwise = cur
+            | otherwise   = cur
           (a', s') = runStep next elapsed dt g e a
        in (a', switch' s' flag1 s1 flag2 s2)
 
--- | Construct a step that switches among multiple steps based on input.
+-- | Construct a step that switches among multiple steps based on input events.
+--
+-- The current step runs with every 'runStep' even when there are no new events.
+--
+-- The initial step is the identity, 'sid'.
 multiSwitch :: (Eq e, Ord e) => [(e, Step s (Maybe e) a a)] -> Step s (Maybe e) a a
 multiSwitch xs = multiSwitch' Nothing sid (Map.fromList xs)
 
diff --git a/Spear/Sys/Timer.hsc b/Spear/Sys/Timer.hsc
index 98b88d6..46a692d 100644
--- a/Spear/Sys/Timer.hsc
+++ b/Spear/Sys/Timer.hsc
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ module Spear.Sys.Timer
 ,   timeDeltaToSec

 ,   secToTimeDelta

 ,   timePointToNs

+,   timeAdd

 ,   sleep

 )

 where

@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ import Foreign.Marshal.Alloc (alloca)
 import Foreign.Ptr

 import Foreign.Storable

 import Control.Monad

+import Control.Monad.IO.Class

 import System.IO.Unsafe

 

 #include "Timer/timer.h"

@@ -115,6 +117,9 @@ foreign import ccall safe "timer.h sec_to_time_delta"
 foreign import ccall safe "timer.h time_point_to_ns"

      c_time_point_to_ns :: Ptr TimePoint -> Word64

 

+foreign import ccall safe "timer.h time_add"

+     c_time_add :: Ptr TimePoint -> TimeDelta -> Ptr TimePoint -> IO ()

+

 foreign import ccall "timer.h time_sleep"

      c_time_sleep :: TimeDelta -> IO ()

 

@@ -130,22 +135,22 @@ withTimer' c_func timer = alloca $ \ptr -> do
      peek ptr

 

 -- | Construct a  new timer.

-newTimer :: IO Timer

-newTimer = alloca $ \ptr -> do

+newTimer :: MonadIO io => io Timer

+newTimer = liftIO . alloca $ \ptr -> do

      c_timer_make ptr

      peek ptr

 

 -- | Start the timer.

-start :: Timer -> IO ()

-start = withTimer c_timer_start

+start :: MonadIO io => Timer -> io ()

+start = liftIO . withTimer c_timer_start

 

 -- | Update the timer.

-tick :: Timer -> IO Timer

-tick = withTimer' c_timer_tick

+tick :: MonadIO io => Timer -> io Timer

+tick = liftIO . withTimer' c_timer_tick

 

 -- | Get the current time.

-now :: IO TimePoint

-now = alloca $ \ptr -> do

+now :: MonadIO io => io TimePoint

+now = liftIO . alloca $ \ptr -> do

      c_time_now ptr

      peek ptr

 

@@ -172,6 +177,15 @@ timePointToNs t = unsafeDupablePerformIO $ alloca $ \ptr -> do
      poke ptr t

      return $ c_time_point_to_ns ptr

 

+-- | Add a time delta to a timestamp.

+timeAdd :: TimePoint -> TimeDelta -> TimePoint

+timeAdd t dt = unsafeDupablePerformIO $

+     alloca $ \tPtr ->

+     alloca $ \ptr -> do

+          poke tPtr t

+          c_time_add tPtr dt ptr

+          peek ptr

+

 -- | Put the caller thread to sleep for the given amount of time.

-sleep :: TimeDelta -> IO ()

-sleep = c_time_sleep

+sleep :: MonadIO io => TimeDelta -> io ()

+sleep = liftIO . c_time_sleep

diff --git a/Spear/Sys/Timer/timer.c b/Spear/Sys/Timer/timer.c
index 8487f48..55e64b5 100644
--- a/Spear/Sys/Timer/timer.c
+++ b/Spear/Sys/Timer/timer.c
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ void time_now(time_point* t) {
 #ifdef _WIN32

   QueryPerformanceCounter((LARGE_INTEGER*)t);

 #else

-  clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, t);

+  clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW, t);

 #endif

 }

 

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ time_delta time_diff(time_point* start, time_point* end) {
   // another processor, then the delta time can be negative.

   return std::max(0, *end - *start);

 #else

-  return (end->tv_sec - start->tv_sec) * 1e9 + (end->tv_nsec - start->tv_nsec);

+  return (end->tv_sec - start->tv_sec) * nanoseconds + (end->tv_nsec - start->tv_nsec);

 #endif

 }

 

@@ -83,16 +83,25 @@ uint64_t time_point_to_ns(time_point* t) {
 #ifdef _WIN32

   return (uint64_t)((double)*t * seconds_per_count * 1.0e+9);

 #else

-  return (uint64_t)t->tv_sec * 1e+9 + (uint64_t)t->tv_nsec;

+  return (uint64_t)t->tv_sec * nanoseconds + (uint64_t)t->tv_nsec;

+#endif

+}

+

+void time_add(const time_point* t, time_delta dt, time_point* out) {

+#ifdef _WIN32

+  *out = *t + dt;

+#else

+  out->tv_sec  = t->tv_sec + (__time_t)(dt / nanoseconds);

+  out->tv_nsec = t->tv_nsec + (__time_t)(dt % nanoseconds);

 #endif

 }

 

 void time_sleep(time_delta dt) {

 #ifdef _WIN32

-  const int64_t ms = dt / microseconds;

+  const uint64_t ms = dt / microseconds;

   Sleep((DWORD)(ms));

 #else

-  const int64_t   sec = dt / nanoseconds;

+  const uint64_t sec = dt / nanoseconds;

   struct timespec ts;

   ts.tv_sec  = (long)sec;

   ts.tv_nsec = (long)(dt % nanoseconds);

diff --git a/Spear/Sys/Timer/timer.h b/Spear/Sys/Timer/timer.h
index e426135..da4e7c7 100644
--- a/Spear/Sys/Timer/timer.h
+++ b/Spear/Sys/Timer/timer.h
@@ -53,6 +53,9 @@ time_delta sec_to_time_delta(double seconds);
 /// Convert the time point to nanoseconds.
 uint64_t time_point_to_ns(time_point*);
 
+/// Add a time delta to a timestamp.
+void time_add(const time_point*, time_delta, time_point* out);
+
 /// Put the caller thread to sleep for the given amount of time.
 void time_sleep(time_delta dt);
 
diff --git a/Spear/Window.hs b/Spear/Window.hs
index 3cdc5f5..a873362 100644
--- a/Spear/Window.hs
+++ b/Spear/Window.hs
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ module Spear.Window
     Window,
     Width,
     Height,
-    Init,
     WindowEvent(..),
     withWindow,
     pollWindowEvents,
@@ -21,10 +20,10 @@ module Spear.Window
     whenKeyUp,
     processKeys,
     processButtons,
-    InputEvent (..),
-    Key (..),
-    MouseButton (..),
-    MouseProp (..),
+    InputEvent(..),
+    Key(..),
+    MouseButton(..),
+    MouseProp(..),
     MousePos,
     MouseDelta,
   )
@@ -35,6 +34,7 @@ import           Spear.Game
 import           Control.Concurrent.MVar
 import           Control.Exception
 import           Control.Monad           (foldM, unless, void, when)
+import           Control.Monad.IO.Class
 import           Data.Functor            ((<&>))
 import           Data.Maybe              (fromJust, fromMaybe, isJust)
 import qualified Graphics.UI.GLFW        as GLFW
@@ -52,12 +52,6 @@ type Dimensions = (Width, Height)
 
 type WindowTitle = String
 
--- | Game initialiser.
-type Init s = Window -> Game () s
-
--- | Game finalizer.
-type End s = Game s ()
-
 -- | Window exception.
 newtype WindowException = WindowException String deriving (Show)
 
@@ -83,32 +77,19 @@ data Window = Window
   }
 
 
-withWindow ::
-  Dimensions ->
-  Maybe WindowTitle ->
-  Init s ->
-  End s ->
-  (Window -> Game s a) ->
-  IO a
-withWindow dim@(w, h) windowTitle init end run = do
-  flip evalGame () $ do
-    window <- gameIO $ do
-      success <- GLFW.init
-      unless success $ throw (WindowException "GLFW.initialize failed")
-      setup dim windowTitle
-    gameState <- init window
-    (result, endGameState) <- runSubGame (run window) gameState
-    runSubGame' end endGameState
-    gameIO $ do
-      GLFW.destroyWindow $ glfwWindow window
-      GLFW.terminate
-    return result
-
-setup ::
-  Dimensions ->
-  Maybe WindowTitle ->
-  IO Window
-setup (w, h) windowTitle = do
+withWindow :: MonadIO io => Dimensions -> WindowTitle -> (Window -> IO a) -> io a
+withWindow dim@(w, h) windowTitle run = liftIO $ do
+  window <- do
+    success <- GLFW.init
+    unless success $ throw (WindowException "GLFW.initialize failed")
+    setup dim windowTitle
+  result <- run window
+  GLFW.destroyWindow $ glfwWindow window
+  GLFW.terminate
+  return result
+
+setup :: MonadIO io => Dimensions -> WindowTitle -> io Window
+setup (w, h) windowTitle = liftIO $ do
   closeRequest <- newEmptyMVar
   windowEvents <- newEmptyMVar
   inputEvents  <- newEmptyMVar
@@ -118,7 +99,7 @@ setup (w, h) windowTitle = do
     GLFW.windowHint $ GLFW.WindowHint'ContextVersionMajor major
     GLFW.windowHint $ GLFW.WindowHint'ContextVersionMinor minor
     when (major >= 3) $ GLFW.windowHint $ GLFW.WindowHint'OpenGLProfile GLFW.OpenGLProfile'Core
-    GLFW.createWindow w h (fromMaybe "Spear" windowTitle) Nothing Nothing
+    GLFW.createWindow w h windowTitle Nothing Nothing
 
   unless (isJust maybeWindow)
     $ throwIO (WindowException "GLFW.openWindow failed")
@@ -127,24 +108,25 @@ setup (w, h) windowTitle = do
 
   GLFW.makeContextCurrent maybeWindow
 
+  GLFW.swapInterval (-1) -- 1 enable vsync. -1 for adaptive vsync.
+
   GLFW.setWindowCloseCallback window . Just $ onWindowClose closeRequest
   GLFW.setWindowSizeCallback  window . Just $ onResize      windowEvents
   GLFW.setKeyCallback         window . Just $ onKey         inputEvents
-  GLFW.setCharCallback        window . Just $ onChar        inputEvents
   GLFW.setMouseButtonCallback window . Just $ onMouseButton inputEvents
   GLFW.setCursorPosCallback   window . Just $ onMouseMove   mousePos inputEvents
 
   return $ Window window closeRequest inputEvents windowEvents
 
 -- | Poll for input events.
-pollInputEvents :: Window -> IO [InputEvent]
-pollInputEvents window = do
+pollInputEvents :: MonadIO io => Window -> io [InputEvent]
+pollInputEvents window = liftIO $ do
   GLFW.pollEvents
-  getEvents (inputEventsMVar  window)
+  getEvents (inputEventsMVar window)
 
 -- | Poll for window events.
-pollWindowEvents :: Window -> IO [WindowEvent]
-pollWindowEvents window = do
+pollWindowEvents :: MonadIO io => Window -> io [WindowEvent]
+pollWindowEvents window = liftIO $ do
   GLFW.pollEvents
   getEvents (windowEventsMVar window)
 
@@ -156,16 +138,16 @@ getEvents mvar = tryTakeMVar mvar >>= \xs -> do
     Just events -> return events
 
 -- | Return true when the user requests to close the window.
-shouldWindowClose :: Window -> IO Bool
-shouldWindowClose = getRequest . closeRequestMVar
+shouldWindowClose :: MonadIO io => Window -> io Bool
+shouldWindowClose = liftIO . getRequest . closeRequestMVar
 
 -- | Swaps buffers.
-swapBuffers :: Window -> IO ()
-swapBuffers = GLFW.swapBuffers . glfwWindow
+swapBuffers :: MonadIO io => Window -> io ()
+swapBuffers = liftIO . GLFW.swapBuffers . glfwWindow
 
 -- | Get the window's size.
-getWindowSize :: Window -> IO (Width, Height)
-getWindowSize = GLFW.getWindowSize . glfwWindow
+getWindowSize :: MonadIO io => Window -> io (Width, Height)
+getWindowSize = liftIO . GLFW.getWindowSize . glfwWindow
 
 getRequest :: MVar Bool -> IO Bool
 getRequest mvar =
@@ -178,19 +160,16 @@ onWindowClose closeRequest window = putMVar closeRequest True
 -- the last in a poll can be ignored, we just replace the contents of the mvar
 -- here instead of adding the event to the list.
 onResize :: MVar [WindowEvent] -> GLFW.WindowSizeCallback
-onResize windowEvents window w h = putMVar windowEvents [ResizeEvent w h]
+onResize windowEvents window w h = modifyMVar_ windowEvents (return <$> const [ResizeEvent w h])
 
 onKey :: MVar [InputEvent] -> GLFW.KeyCallback
 onKey events window key _ GLFW.KeyState'Pressed   _ = addEvent events $ KeyDown (fromGLFWkey key)
-onKey events window key _ GLFW.KeyState'Released  _ = addEvent events $ KeyUp (fromGLFWkey key)
+onKey events window key _ GLFW.KeyState'Released  _ = addEvent events $ KeyUp   (fromGLFWkey key)
 onKey events window key _ GLFW.KeyState'Repeating _ = return ()
 
-onChar :: MVar [InputEvent] -> GLFW.CharCallback
-onChar events window char = addEvent events $ KeyDown . fromGLFWkey . read $ [char]
-
 onMouseButton :: MVar [InputEvent] -> GLFW.MouseButtonCallback
-onMouseButton events window button GLFW.MouseButtonState'Pressed _ = addEvent events $ MouseDown (fromGLFWbutton button)
-onMouseButton events window button GLFW.MouseButtonState'Released _ = addEvent events $ MouseUp (fromGLFWbutton button)
+onMouseButton events window button GLFW.MouseButtonState'Pressed _  = addEvent events $ MouseDown (fromGLFWbutton button)
+onMouseButton events window button GLFW.MouseButtonState'Released _ = addEvent events $ MouseUp   (fromGLFWbutton button)
 
 onMouseMove :: MVar MousePos -> MVar [InputEvent] -> GLFW.CursorPosCallback
 onMouseMove oldPos events window x y = do
@@ -214,39 +193,39 @@ addEvent mvar val =
 -- Input
 
 -- | Run the game action when the key is down.
-whenKeyDown :: GLFW.Window -> Key -> Game s a -> Game s ()
-whenKeyDown = whenKeyInState (== GLFW.KeyState'Pressed)
+whenKeyDown :: GLFW.Window -> Key -> Game s () -> Game s ()
+whenKeyDown = whenKeyInState GLFW.KeyState'Pressed
 
 -- | Run the game action when the key is up.
-whenKeyUp :: GLFW.Window -> Key -> Game s a -> Game s ()
-whenKeyUp = whenKeyInState (== GLFW.KeyState'Released)
+whenKeyUp :: GLFW.Window -> Key -> Game s () -> Game s ()
+whenKeyUp = whenKeyInState GLFW.KeyState'Released
 
-whenKeyInState :: (GLFW.KeyState -> Bool) -> GLFW.Window -> Key -> Game s a -> Game s ()
-whenKeyInState pred window key game = do
-  isDown <- fmap pred $ gameIO . GLFW.getKey window . toGLFWkey $ key
-  when isDown $ void game
+whenKeyInState :: GLFW.KeyState -> GLFW.Window -> Key -> Game s () -> Game s ()
+whenKeyInState state window key game = do
+  isDown <- fmap (==state) $ liftIO . GLFW.getKey window . toGLFWkey $ key
+  when isDown game
 
--- | Process the keyboard keys, returning those values for which their
--- corresponding key is pressed.
-processKeys :: GLFW.Window -> [(Key, a)] -> Game s [a]
+-- | Check whether the given keys are pressed and return the value associated
+-- with each of the pressed keys.
+processKeys :: Window -> [(Key, a)] -> Game s [a]
 processKeys window = foldM f []
   where
     f acc (key, result) = do
       isDown <-
         fmap (== GLFW.KeyState'Pressed) $
-          gameIO . GLFW.getKey window . toGLFWkey $
+          liftIO . GLFW.getKey (glfwWindow window) . toGLFWkey $
             key
       return $ if isDown then result : acc else acc
 
--- | Process the mouse buttons, returning those values for which their
--- corresponding button is pressed.
-processButtons :: GLFW.Window -> [(MouseButton, a)] -> Game s [a]
+-- | Check whether the given buttons are pressed and return the value associated
+-- with each of the pressed buttons.
+processButtons :: Window -> [(MouseButton, a)] -> Game s [a]
 processButtons window = foldM f []
   where
     f acc (button, result) = do
       isDown <-
         fmap (== GLFW.MouseButtonState'Pressed) $
-          gameIO . GLFW.getMouseButton window . toGLFWbutton $
+          liftIO . GLFW.getMouseButton (glfwWindow window) . toGLFWbutton $
             button
       return $ if isDown then result : acc else acc
 
diff --git a/Spear/cbits/stb/LICENSE b/Spear/cbits/stb/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8681adb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Spear/cbits/stb/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+Copyright (c) 2017 Sean Barrett
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
+of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+so, subject to the following conditions:
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/Spear/cbits/stb/stb_image.c b/Spear/cbits/stb/stb_image.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ddfd1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Spear/cbits/stb/stb_image.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include "stb_image.h"
diff --git a/Spear/cbits/stb/stb_image.h b/Spear/cbits/stb/stb_image.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9eedabe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Spear/cbits/stb/stb_image.h
@@ -0,0 +1,7988 @@
+/* stb_image - v2.30 - public domain image loader - http://nothings.org/stb
+                                  no warranty implied; use at your own risk
+
+   Do this:
+      #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
+   before you include this file in *one* C or C++ file to create the implementation.
+
+   // i.e. it should look like this:
+   #include ...
+   #include ...
+   #include ...
+   #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
+   #include "stb_image.h"
+
+   You can #define STBI_ASSERT(x) before the #include to avoid using assert.h.
+   And #define STBI_MALLOC, STBI_REALLOC, and STBI_FREE to avoid using malloc,realloc,free
+
+
+   QUICK NOTES:
+      Primarily of interest to game developers and other people who can
+          avoid problematic images and only need the trivial interface
+
+      JPEG baseline & progressive (12 bpc/arithmetic not supported, same as stock IJG lib)
+      PNG 1/2/4/8/16-bit-per-channel
+
+      TGA (not sure what subset, if a subset)
+      BMP non-1bpp, non-RLE
+      PSD (composited view only, no extra channels, 8/16 bit-per-channel)
+
+      GIF (*comp always reports as 4-channel)
+      HDR (radiance rgbE format)
+      PIC (Softimage PIC)
+      PNM (PPM and PGM binary only)
+
+      Animated GIF still needs a proper API, but here's one way to do it:
+          http://gist.github.com/urraka/685d9a6340b26b830d49
+
+      - decode from memory or through FILE (define STBI_NO_STDIO to remove code)
+      - decode from arbitrary I/O callbacks
+      - SIMD acceleration on x86/x64 (SSE2) and ARM (NEON)
+
+   Full documentation under "DOCUMENTATION" below.
+
+
+LICENSE
+
+  See end of file for license information.
+
+RECENT REVISION HISTORY:
+
+      2.30  (2024-05-31) avoid erroneous gcc warning
+      2.29  (2023-05-xx) optimizations
+      2.28  (2023-01-29) many error fixes, security errors, just tons of stuff
+      2.27  (2021-07-11) document stbi_info better, 16-bit PNM support, bug fixes
+      2.26  (2020-07-13) many minor fixes
+      2.25  (2020-02-02) fix warnings
+      2.24  (2020-02-02) fix warnings; thread-local failure_reason and flip_vertically
+      2.23  (2019-08-11) fix clang static analysis warning
+      2.22  (2019-03-04) gif fixes, fix warnings
+      2.21  (2019-02-25) fix typo in comment
+      2.20  (2019-02-07) support utf8 filenames in Windows; fix warnings and platform ifdefs
+      2.19  (2018-02-11) fix warning
+      2.18  (2018-01-30) fix warnings
+      2.17  (2018-01-29) bugfix, 1-bit BMP, 16-bitness query, fix warnings
+      2.16  (2017-07-23) all functions have 16-bit variants; optimizations; bugfixes
+      2.15  (2017-03-18) fix png-1,2,4; all Imagenet JPGs; no runtime SSE detection on GCC
+      2.14  (2017-03-03) remove deprecated STBI_JPEG_OLD; fixes for Imagenet JPGs
+      2.13  (2016-12-04) experimental 16-bit API, only for PNG so far; fixes
+      2.12  (2016-04-02) fix typo in 2.11 PSD fix that caused crashes
+      2.11  (2016-04-02) 16-bit PNGS; enable SSE2 in non-gcc x64
+                         RGB-format JPEG; remove white matting in PSD;
+                         allocate large structures on the stack;
+                         correct channel count for PNG & BMP
+      2.10  (2016-01-22) avoid warning introduced in 2.09
+      2.09  (2016-01-16) 16-bit TGA; comments in PNM files; STBI_REALLOC_SIZED
+
+   See end of file for full revision history.
+
+
+ ============================    Contributors    =========================
+
+ Image formats                          Extensions, features
+    Sean Barrett (jpeg, png, bmp)          Jetro Lauha (stbi_info)
+    Nicolas Schulz (hdr, psd)              Martin "SpartanJ" Golini (stbi_info)
+    Jonathan Dummer (tga)                  James "moose2000" Brown (iPhone PNG)
+    Jean-Marc Lienher (gif)                Ben "Disch" Wenger (io callbacks)
+    Tom Seddon (pic)                       Omar Cornut (1/2/4-bit PNG)
+    Thatcher Ulrich (psd)                  Nicolas Guillemot (vertical flip)
+    Ken Miller (pgm, ppm)                  Richard Mitton (16-bit PSD)
+    github:urraka (animated gif)           Junggon Kim (PNM comments)
+    Christopher Forseth (animated gif)     Daniel Gibson (16-bit TGA)
+                                           socks-the-fox (16-bit PNG)
+                                           Jeremy Sawicki (handle all ImageNet JPGs)
+ Optimizations & bugfixes                  Mikhail Morozov (1-bit BMP)
+    Fabian "ryg" Giesen                    Anael Seghezzi (is-16-bit query)
+    Arseny Kapoulkine                      Simon Breuss (16-bit PNM)
+    John-Mark Allen
+    Carmelo J Fdez-Aguera
+
+ Bug & warning fixes
+    Marc LeBlanc            David Woo          Guillaume George     Martins Mozeiko
+    Christpher Lloyd        Jerry Jansson      Joseph Thomson       Blazej Dariusz Roszkowski
+    Phil Jordan                                Dave Moore           Roy Eltham
+    Hayaki Saito            Nathan Reed        Won Chun
+    Luke Graham             Johan Duparc       Nick Verigakis       the Horde3D community
+    Thomas Ruf              Ronny Chevalier                         github:rlyeh
+    Janez Zemva             John Bartholomew   Michal Cichon        github:romigrou
+    Jonathan Blow           Ken Hamada         Tero Hanninen        github:svdijk
+    Eugene Golushkov        Laurent Gomila     Cort Stratton        github:snagar
+    Aruelien Pocheville     Sergio Gonzalez    Thibault Reuille     github:Zelex
+    Cass Everitt            Ryamond Barbiero                        github:grim210
+    Paul Du Bois            Engin Manap        Aldo Culquicondor    github:sammyhw
+    Philipp Wiesemann       Dale Weiler        Oriol Ferrer Mesia   github:phprus
+    Josh Tobin              Neil Bickford      Matthew Gregan       github:poppolopoppo
+    Julian Raschke          Gregory Mullen     Christian Floisand   github:darealshinji
+    Baldur Karlsson         Kevin Schmidt      JR Smith             github:Michaelangel007
+                            Brad Weinberger    Matvey Cherevko      github:mosra
+    Luca Sas                Alexander Veselov  Zack Middleton       [reserved]
+    Ryan C. Gordon          [reserved]                              [reserved]
+                     DO NOT ADD YOUR NAME HERE
+
+                     Jacko Dirks
+
+  To add your name to the credits, pick a random blank space in the middle and fill it.
+  80% of merge conflicts on stb PRs are due to people adding their name at the end
+  of the credits.
+*/
+
+#ifndef STBI_INCLUDE_STB_IMAGE_H
+#define STBI_INCLUDE_STB_IMAGE_H
+
+// DOCUMENTATION
+//
+// Limitations:
+//    - no 12-bit-per-channel JPEG
+//    - no JPEGs with arithmetic coding
+//    - GIF always returns *comp=4
+//
+// Basic usage (see HDR discussion below for HDR usage):
+//    int x,y,n;
+//    unsigned char *data = stbi_load(filename, &x, &y, &n, 0);
+//    // ... process data if not NULL ...
+//    // ... x = width, y = height, n = # 8-bit components per pixel ...
+//    // ... replace '0' with '1'..'4' to force that many components per pixel
+//    // ... but 'n' will always be the number that it would have been if you said 0
+//    stbi_image_free(data);
+//
+// Standard parameters:
+//    int *x                 -- outputs image width in pixels
+//    int *y                 -- outputs image height in pixels
+//    int *channels_in_file  -- outputs # of image components in image file
+//    int desired_channels   -- if non-zero, # of image components requested in result
+//
+// The return value from an image loader is an 'unsigned char *' which points
+// to the pixel data, or NULL on an allocation failure or if the image is
+// corrupt or invalid. The pixel data consists of *y scanlines of *x pixels,
+// with each pixel consisting of N interleaved 8-bit components; the first
+// pixel pointed to is top-left-most in the image. There is no padding between
+// image scanlines or between pixels, regardless of format. The number of
+// components N is 'desired_channels' if desired_channels is non-zero, or
+// *channels_in_file otherwise. If desired_channels is non-zero,
+// *channels_in_file has the number of components that _would_ have been
+// output otherwise. E.g. if you set desired_channels to 4, you will always
+// get RGBA output, but you can check *channels_in_file to see if it's trivially
+// opaque because e.g. there were only 3 channels in the source image.
+//
+// An output image with N components has the following components interleaved
+// in this order in each pixel:
+//
+//     N=#comp     components
+//       1           grey
+//       2           grey, alpha
+//       3           red, green, blue
+//       4           red, green, blue, alpha
+//
+// If image loading fails for any reason, the return value will be NULL,
+// and *x, *y, *channels_in_file will be unchanged. The function
+// stbi_failure_reason() can be queried for an extremely brief, end-user
+// unfriendly explanation of why the load failed. Define STBI_NO_FAILURE_STRINGS
+// to avoid compiling these strings at all, and STBI_FAILURE_USERMSG to get slightly
+// more user-friendly ones.
+//
+// Paletted PNG, BMP, GIF, and PIC images are automatically depalettized.
+//
+// To query the width, height and component count of an image without having to
+// decode the full file, you can use the stbi_info family of functions:
+//
+//   int x,y,n,ok;
+//   ok = stbi_info(filename, &x, &y, &n);
+//   // returns ok=1 and sets x, y, n if image is a supported format,
+//   // 0 otherwise.
+//
+// Note that stb_image pervasively uses ints in its public API for sizes,
+// including sizes of memory buffers. This is now part of the API and thus
+// hard to change without causing breakage. As a result, the various image
+// loaders all have certain limits on image size; these differ somewhat
+// by format but generally boil down to either just under 2GB or just under
+// 1GB. When the decoded image would be larger than this, stb_image decoding
+// will fail.
+//
+// Additionally, stb_image will reject image files that have any of their
+// dimensions set to a larger value than the configurable STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS,
+// which defaults to 2**24 = 16777216 pixels. Due to the above memory limit,
+// the only way to have an image with such dimensions load correctly
+// is for it to have a rather extreme aspect ratio. Either way, the
+// assumption here is that such larger images are likely to be malformed
+// or malicious. If you do need to load an image with individual dimensions
+// larger than that, and it still fits in the overall size limit, you can
+// #define STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS on your own to be something larger.
+//
+// ===========================================================================
+//
+// UNICODE:
+//
+//   If compiling for Windows and you wish to use Unicode filenames, compile
+//   with
+//       #define STBI_WINDOWS_UTF8
+//   and pass utf8-encoded filenames. Call stbi_convert_wchar_to_utf8 to convert
+//   Windows wchar_t filenames to utf8.
+//
+// ===========================================================================
+//
+// Philosophy
+//
+// stb libraries are designed with the following priorities:
+//
+//    1. easy to use
+//    2. easy to maintain
+//    3. good performance
+//
+// Sometimes I let "good performance" creep up in priority over "easy to maintain",
+// and for best performance I may provide less-easy-to-use APIs that give higher
+// performance, in addition to the easy-to-use ones. Nevertheless, it's important
+// to keep in mind that from the standpoint of you, a client of this library,
+// all you care about is #1 and #3, and stb libraries DO NOT emphasize #3 above all.
+//
+// Some secondary priorities arise directly from the first two, some of which
+// provide more explicit reasons why performance can't be emphasized.
+//
+//    - Portable ("ease of use")
+//    - Small source code footprint ("easy to maintain")
+//    - No dependencies ("ease of use")
+//
+// ===========================================================================
+//
+// I/O callbacks
+//
+// I/O callbacks allow you to read from arbitrary sources, like packaged
+// files or some other source. Data read from callbacks are processed
+// through a small internal buffer (currently 128 bytes) to try to reduce
+// overhead.
+//
+// The three functions you must define are "read" (reads some bytes of data),
+// "skip" (skips some bytes of data), "eof" (reports if the stream is at the end).
+//
+// ===========================================================================
+//
+// SIMD support
+//
+// The JPEG decoder will try to automatically use SIMD kernels on x86 when
+// supported by the compiler. For ARM Neon support, you must explicitly
+// request it.
+//
+// (The old do-it-yourself SIMD API is no longer supported in the current
+// code.)
+//
+// On x86, SSE2 will automatically be used when available based on a run-time
+// test; if not, the generic C versions are used as a fall-back. On ARM targets,
+// the typical path is to have separate builds for NEON and non-NEON devices
+// (at least this is true for iOS and Android). Therefore, the NEON support is
+// toggled by a build flag: define STBI_NEON to get NEON loops.
+//
+// If for some reason you do not want to use any of SIMD code, or if
+// you have issues compiling it, you can disable it entirely by
+// defining STBI_NO_SIMD.
+//
+// ===========================================================================
+//
+// HDR image support   (disable by defining STBI_NO_HDR)
+//
+// stb_image supports loading HDR images in general, and currently the Radiance
+// .HDR file format specifically. You can still load any file through the existing
+// interface; if you attempt to load an HDR file, it will be automatically remapped
+// to LDR, assuming gamma 2.2 and an arbitrary scale factor defaulting to 1;
+// both of these constants can be reconfigured through this interface:
+//
+//     stbi_hdr_to_ldr_gamma(2.2f);
+//     stbi_hdr_to_ldr_scale(1.0f);
+//
+// (note, do not use _inverse_ constants; stbi_image will invert them
+// appropriately).
+//
+// Additionally, there is a new, parallel interface for loading files as
+// (linear) floats to preserve the full dynamic range:
+//
+//    float *data = stbi_loadf(filename, &x, &y, &n, 0);
+//
+// If you load LDR images through this interface, those images will
+// be promoted to floating point values, run through the inverse of
+// constants corresponding to the above:
+//
+//     stbi_ldr_to_hdr_scale(1.0f);
+//     stbi_ldr_to_hdr_gamma(2.2f);
+//
+// Finally, given a filename (or an open file or memory block--see header
+// file for details) containing image data, you can query for the "most
+// appropriate" interface to use (that is, whether the image is HDR or
+// not), using:
+//
+//     stbi_is_hdr(char *filename);
+//
+// ===========================================================================
+//
+// iPhone PNG support:
+//
+// We optionally support converting iPhone-formatted PNGs (which store
+// premultiplied BGRA) back to RGB, even though they're internally encoded
+// differently. To enable this conversion, call
+// stbi_convert_iphone_png_to_rgb(1).
+//
+// Call stbi_set_unpremultiply_on_load(1) as well to force a divide per
+// pixel to remove any premultiplied alpha *only* if the image file explicitly
+// says there's premultiplied data (currently only happens in iPhone images,
+// and only if iPhone convert-to-rgb processing is on).
+//
+// ===========================================================================
+//
+// ADDITIONAL CONFIGURATION
+//
+//  - You can suppress implementation of any of the decoders to reduce
+//    your code footprint by #defining one or more of the following
+//    symbols before creating the implementation.
+//
+//        STBI_NO_JPEG
+//        STBI_NO_PNG
+//        STBI_NO_BMP
+//        STBI_NO_PSD
+//        STBI_NO_TGA
+//        STBI_NO_GIF
+//        STBI_NO_HDR
+//        STBI_NO_PIC
+//        STBI_NO_PNM   (.ppm and .pgm)
+//
+//  - You can request *only* certain decoders and suppress all other ones
+//    (this will be more forward-compatible, as addition of new decoders
+//    doesn't require you to disable them explicitly):
+//
+//        STBI_ONLY_JPEG
+//        STBI_ONLY_PNG
+//        STBI_ONLY_BMP
+//        STBI_ONLY_PSD
+//        STBI_ONLY_TGA
+//        STBI_ONLY_GIF
+//        STBI_ONLY_HDR
+//        STBI_ONLY_PIC
+//        STBI_ONLY_PNM   (.ppm and .pgm)
+//
+//   - If you use STBI_NO_PNG (or _ONLY_ without PNG), and you still
+//     want the zlib decoder to be available, #define STBI_SUPPORT_ZLIB
+//
+//  - If you define STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS, stb_image will reject images greater
+//    than that size (in either width or height) without further processing.
+//    This is to let programs in the wild set an upper bound to prevent
+//    denial-of-service attacks on untrusted data, as one could generate a
+//    valid image of gigantic dimensions and force stb_image to allocate a
+//    huge block of memory and spend disproportionate time decoding it. By
+//    default this is set to (1 << 24), which is 16777216, but that's still
+//    very big.
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
+#include <stdio.h>
+#endif // STBI_NO_STDIO
+
+#define STBI_VERSION 1
+
+enum
+{
+   STBI_default = 0, // only used for desired_channels
+
+   STBI_grey       = 1,
+   STBI_grey_alpha = 2,
+   STBI_rgb        = 3,
+   STBI_rgb_alpha  = 4
+};
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+typedef unsigned char stbi_uc;
+typedef unsigned short stbi_us;
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBIDEF
+#ifdef STB_IMAGE_STATIC
+#define STBIDEF static
+#else
+#define STBIDEF extern
+#endif
+#endif
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// PRIMARY API - works on images of any type
+//
+
+//
+// load image by filename, open file, or memory buffer
+//
+
+typedef struct
+{
+   int      (*read)  (void *user,char *data,int size);   // fill 'data' with 'size' bytes.  return number of bytes actually read
+   void     (*skip)  (void *user,int n);                 // skip the next 'n' bytes, or 'unget' the last -n bytes if negative
+   int      (*eof)   (void *user);                       // returns nonzero if we are at end of file/data
+} stbi_io_callbacks;
+
+////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// 8-bits-per-channel interface
+//
+
+STBIDEF stbi_uc *stbi_load_from_memory   (stbi_uc           const *buffer, int len   , int *x, int *y, int *channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
+STBIDEF stbi_uc *stbi_load_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const *clbk  , void *user, int *x, int *y, int *channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
+STBIDEF stbi_uc *stbi_load            (char const *filename, int *x, int *y, int *channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
+STBIDEF stbi_uc *stbi_load_from_file  (FILE *f, int *x, int *y, int *channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
+// for stbi_load_from_file, file pointer is left pointing immediately after image
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_GIF
+STBIDEF stbi_uc *stbi_load_gif_from_memory(stbi_uc const *buffer, int len, int **delays, int *x, int *y, int *z, int *comp, int req_comp);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef STBI_WINDOWS_UTF8
+STBIDEF int stbi_convert_wchar_to_utf8(char *buffer, size_t bufferlen, const wchar_t* input);
+#endif
+
+////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// 16-bits-per-channel interface
+//
+
+STBIDEF stbi_us *stbi_load_16_from_memory   (stbi_uc const *buffer, int len, int *x, int *y, int *channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
+STBIDEF stbi_us *stbi_load_16_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const *clbk, void *user, int *x, int *y, int *channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
+STBIDEF stbi_us *stbi_load_16          (char const *filename, int *x, int *y, int *channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
+STBIDEF stbi_us *stbi_load_from_file_16(FILE *f, int *x, int *y, int *channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
+#endif
+
+////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// float-per-channel interface
+//
+#ifndef STBI_NO_LINEAR
+   STBIDEF float *stbi_loadf_from_memory     (stbi_uc const *buffer, int len, int *x, int *y, int *channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
+   STBIDEF float *stbi_loadf_from_callbacks  (stbi_io_callbacks const *clbk, void *user, int *x, int *y,  int *channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
+
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
+   STBIDEF float *stbi_loadf            (char const *filename, int *x, int *y, int *channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
+   STBIDEF float *stbi_loadf_from_file  (FILE *f, int *x, int *y, int *channels_in_file, int desired_channels);
+   #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_HDR
+   STBIDEF void   stbi_hdr_to_ldr_gamma(float gamma);
+   STBIDEF void   stbi_hdr_to_ldr_scale(float scale);
+#endif // STBI_NO_HDR
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_LINEAR
+   STBIDEF void   stbi_ldr_to_hdr_gamma(float gamma);
+   STBIDEF void   stbi_ldr_to_hdr_scale(float scale);
+#endif // STBI_NO_LINEAR
+
+// stbi_is_hdr is always defined, but always returns false if STBI_NO_HDR
+STBIDEF int    stbi_is_hdr_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const *clbk, void *user);
+STBIDEF int    stbi_is_hdr_from_memory(stbi_uc const *buffer, int len);
+#ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
+STBIDEF int      stbi_is_hdr          (char const *filename);
+STBIDEF int      stbi_is_hdr_from_file(FILE *f);
+#endif // STBI_NO_STDIO
+
+
+// get a VERY brief reason for failure
+// on most compilers (and ALL modern mainstream compilers) this is threadsafe
+STBIDEF const char *stbi_failure_reason  (void);
+
+// free the loaded image -- this is just free()
+STBIDEF void     stbi_image_free      (void *retval_from_stbi_load);
+
+// get image dimensions & components without fully decoding
+STBIDEF int      stbi_info_from_memory(stbi_uc const *buffer, int len, int *x, int *y, int *comp);
+STBIDEF int      stbi_info_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const *clbk, void *user, int *x, int *y, int *comp);
+STBIDEF int      stbi_is_16_bit_from_memory(stbi_uc const *buffer, int len);
+STBIDEF int      stbi_is_16_bit_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const *clbk, void *user);
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
+STBIDEF int      stbi_info               (char const *filename,     int *x, int *y, int *comp);
+STBIDEF int      stbi_info_from_file     (FILE *f,                  int *x, int *y, int *comp);
+STBIDEF int      stbi_is_16_bit          (char const *filename);
+STBIDEF int      stbi_is_16_bit_from_file(FILE *f);
+#endif
+
+
+
+// for image formats that explicitly notate that they have premultiplied alpha,
+// we just return the colors as stored in the file. set this flag to force
+// unpremultiplication. results are undefined if the unpremultiply overflow.
+STBIDEF void stbi_set_unpremultiply_on_load(int flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply);
+
+// indicate whether we should process iphone images back to canonical format,
+// or just pass them through "as-is"
+STBIDEF void stbi_convert_iphone_png_to_rgb(int flag_true_if_should_convert);
+
+// flip the image vertically, so the first pixel in the output array is the bottom left
+STBIDEF void stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(int flag_true_if_should_flip);
+
+// as above, but only applies to images loaded on the thread that calls the function
+// this function is only available if your compiler supports thread-local variables;
+// calling it will fail to link if your compiler doesn't
+STBIDEF void stbi_set_unpremultiply_on_load_thread(int flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply);
+STBIDEF void stbi_convert_iphone_png_to_rgb_thread(int flag_true_if_should_convert);
+STBIDEF void stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load_thread(int flag_true_if_should_flip);
+
+// ZLIB client - used by PNG, available for other purposes
+
+STBIDEF char *stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize(const char *buffer, int len, int initial_size, int *outlen);
+STBIDEF char *stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize_headerflag(const char *buffer, int len, int initial_size, int *outlen, int parse_header);
+STBIDEF char *stbi_zlib_decode_malloc(const char *buffer, int len, int *outlen);
+STBIDEF int   stbi_zlib_decode_buffer(char *obuffer, int olen, const char *ibuffer, int ilen);
+
+STBIDEF char *stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_malloc(const char *buffer, int len, int *outlen);
+STBIDEF int   stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_buffer(char *obuffer, int olen, const char *ibuffer, int ilen);
+
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+//
+//
+////   end header file   /////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+#endif // STBI_INCLUDE_STB_IMAGE_H
+
+#ifdef STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
+
+#if defined(STBI_ONLY_JPEG) || defined(STBI_ONLY_PNG) || defined(STBI_ONLY_BMP) \
+  || defined(STBI_ONLY_TGA) || defined(STBI_ONLY_GIF) || defined(STBI_ONLY_PSD) \
+  || defined(STBI_ONLY_HDR) || defined(STBI_ONLY_PIC) || defined(STBI_ONLY_PNM) \
+  || defined(STBI_ONLY_ZLIB)
+   #ifndef STBI_ONLY_JPEG
+   #define STBI_NO_JPEG
+   #endif
+   #ifndef STBI_ONLY_PNG
+   #define STBI_NO_PNG
+   #endif
+   #ifndef STBI_ONLY_BMP
+   #define STBI_NO_BMP
+   #endif
+   #ifndef STBI_ONLY_PSD
+   #define STBI_NO_PSD
+   #endif
+   #ifndef STBI_ONLY_TGA
+   #define STBI_NO_TGA
+   #endif
+   #ifndef STBI_ONLY_GIF
+   #define STBI_NO_GIF
+   #endif
+   #ifndef STBI_ONLY_HDR
+   #define STBI_NO_HDR
+   #endif
+   #ifndef STBI_ONLY_PIC
+   #define STBI_NO_PIC
+   #endif
+   #ifndef STBI_ONLY_PNM
+   #define STBI_NO_PNM
+   #endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(STBI_NO_PNG) && !defined(STBI_SUPPORT_ZLIB) && !defined(STBI_NO_ZLIB)
+#define STBI_NO_ZLIB
+#endif
+
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stddef.h> // ptrdiff_t on osx
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+
+#if !defined(STBI_NO_LINEAR) || !defined(STBI_NO_HDR)
+#include <math.h>  // ldexp, pow
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
+#include <stdio.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_ASSERT
+#include <assert.h>
+#define STBI_ASSERT(x) assert(x)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#define STBI_EXTERN extern "C"
+#else
+#define STBI_EXTERN extern
+#endif
+
+
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+   #ifdef __cplusplus
+   #define stbi_inline inline
+   #else
+   #define stbi_inline
+   #endif
+#else
+   #define stbi_inline __forceinline
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_THREAD_LOCALS
+   #if defined(__cplusplus) &&  __cplusplus >= 201103L
+      #define STBI_THREAD_LOCAL       thread_local
+   #elif defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ < 5
+      #define STBI_THREAD_LOCAL       __thread
+   #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+      #define STBI_THREAD_LOCAL       __declspec(thread)
+   #elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 201112L && !defined(__STDC_NO_THREADS__)
+      #define STBI_THREAD_LOCAL       _Thread_local
+   #endif
+
+   #ifndef STBI_THREAD_LOCAL
+      #if defined(__GNUC__)
+        #define STBI_THREAD_LOCAL       __thread
+      #endif
+   #endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
+typedef unsigned short stbi__uint16;
+typedef   signed short stbi__int16;
+typedef unsigned int   stbi__uint32;
+typedef   signed int   stbi__int32;
+#else
+#include <stdint.h>
+typedef uint16_t stbi__uint16;
+typedef int16_t  stbi__int16;
+typedef uint32_t stbi__uint32;
+typedef int32_t  stbi__int32;
+#endif
+
+// should produce compiler error if size is wrong
+typedef unsigned char validate_uint32[sizeof(stbi__uint32)==4 ? 1 : -1];
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#define STBI_NOTUSED(v)  (void)(v)
+#else
+#define STBI_NOTUSED(v)  (void)sizeof(v)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#define STBI_HAS_LROTL
+#endif
+
+#ifdef STBI_HAS_LROTL
+   #define stbi_lrot(x,y)  _lrotl(x,y)
+#else
+   #define stbi_lrot(x,y)  (((x) << (y)) | ((x) >> (-(y) & 31)))
+#endif
+
+#if defined(STBI_MALLOC) && defined(STBI_FREE) && (defined(STBI_REALLOC) || defined(STBI_REALLOC_SIZED))
+// ok
+#elif !defined(STBI_MALLOC) && !defined(STBI_FREE) && !defined(STBI_REALLOC) && !defined(STBI_REALLOC_SIZED)
+// ok
+#else
+#error "Must define all or none of STBI_MALLOC, STBI_FREE, and STBI_REALLOC (or STBI_REALLOC_SIZED)."
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_MALLOC
+#define STBI_MALLOC(sz)           malloc(sz)
+#define STBI_REALLOC(p,newsz)     realloc(p,newsz)
+#define STBI_FREE(p)              free(p)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_REALLOC_SIZED
+#define STBI_REALLOC_SIZED(p,oldsz,newsz) STBI_REALLOC(p,newsz)
+#endif
+
+// x86/x64 detection
+#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
+#define STBI__X64_TARGET
+#elif defined(__i386) || defined(_M_IX86)
+#define STBI__X86_TARGET
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(STBI__X86_TARGET) && !defined(__SSE2__) && !defined(STBI_NO_SIMD)
+// gcc doesn't support sse2 intrinsics unless you compile with -msse2,
+// which in turn means it gets to use SSE2 everywhere. This is unfortunate,
+// but previous attempts to provide the SSE2 functions with runtime
+// detection caused numerous issues. The way architecture extensions are
+// exposed in GCC/Clang is, sadly, not really suited for one-file libs.
+// New behavior: if compiled with -msse2, we use SSE2 without any
+// detection; if not, we don't use it at all.
+#define STBI_NO_SIMD
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__MINGW32__) && defined(STBI__X86_TARGET) && !defined(STBI_MINGW_ENABLE_SSE2) && !defined(STBI_NO_SIMD)
+// Note that __MINGW32__ doesn't actually mean 32-bit, so we have to avoid STBI__X64_TARGET
+//
+// 32-bit MinGW wants ESP to be 16-byte aligned, but this is not in the
+// Windows ABI and VC++ as well as Windows DLLs don't maintain that invariant.
+// As a result, enabling SSE2 on 32-bit MinGW is dangerous when not
+// simultaneously enabling "-mstackrealign".
+//
+// See https://github.com/nothings/stb/issues/81 for more information.
+//
+// So default to no SSE2 on 32-bit MinGW. If you've read this far and added
+// -mstackrealign to your build settings, feel free to #define STBI_MINGW_ENABLE_SSE2.
+#define STBI_NO_SIMD
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(STBI_NO_SIMD) && (defined(STBI__X86_TARGET) || defined(STBI__X64_TARGET))
+#define STBI_SSE2
+#include <emmintrin.h>
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+
+#if _MSC_VER >= 1400  // not VC6
+#include <intrin.h> // __cpuid
+static int stbi__cpuid3(void)
+{
+   int info[4];
+   __cpuid(info,1);
+   return info[3];
+}
+#else
+static int stbi__cpuid3(void)
+{
+   int res;
+   __asm {
+      mov  eax,1
+      cpuid
+      mov  res,edx
+   }
+   return res;
+}
+#endif
+
+#define STBI_SIMD_ALIGN(type, name) __declspec(align(16)) type name
+
+#if !defined(STBI_NO_JPEG) && defined(STBI_SSE2)
+static int stbi__sse2_available(void)
+{
+   int info3 = stbi__cpuid3();
+   return ((info3 >> 26) & 1) != 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+#else // assume GCC-style if not VC++
+#define STBI_SIMD_ALIGN(type, name) type name __attribute__((aligned(16)))
+
+#if !defined(STBI_NO_JPEG) && defined(STBI_SSE2)
+static int stbi__sse2_available(void)
+{
+   // If we're even attempting to compile this on GCC/Clang, that means
+   // -msse2 is on, which means the compiler is allowed to use SSE2
+   // instructions at will, and so are we.
+   return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif
+#endif
+
+// ARM NEON
+#if defined(STBI_NO_SIMD) && defined(STBI_NEON)
+#undef STBI_NEON
+#endif
+
+#ifdef STBI_NEON
+#include <arm_neon.h>
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#define STBI_SIMD_ALIGN(type, name) __declspec(align(16)) type name
+#else
+#define STBI_SIMD_ALIGN(type, name) type name __attribute__((aligned(16)))
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_SIMD_ALIGN
+#define STBI_SIMD_ALIGN(type, name) type name
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS
+#define STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS (1 << 24)
+#endif
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+//  stbi__context struct and start_xxx functions
+
+// stbi__context structure is our basic context used by all images, so it
+// contains all the IO context, plus some basic image information
+typedef struct
+{
+   stbi__uint32 img_x, img_y;
+   int img_n, img_out_n;
+
+   stbi_io_callbacks io;
+   void *io_user_data;
+
+   int read_from_callbacks;
+   int buflen;
+   stbi_uc buffer_start[128];
+   int callback_already_read;
+
+   stbi_uc *img_buffer, *img_buffer_end;
+   stbi_uc *img_buffer_original, *img_buffer_original_end;
+} stbi__context;
+
+
+static void stbi__refill_buffer(stbi__context *s);
+
+// initialize a memory-decode context
+static void stbi__start_mem(stbi__context *s, stbi_uc const *buffer, int len)
+{
+   s->io.read = NULL;
+   s->read_from_callbacks = 0;
+   s->callback_already_read = 0;
+   s->img_buffer = s->img_buffer_original = (stbi_uc *) buffer;
+   s->img_buffer_end = s->img_buffer_original_end = (stbi_uc *) buffer+len;
+}
+
+// initialize a callback-based context
+static void stbi__start_callbacks(stbi__context *s, stbi_io_callbacks *c, void *user)
+{
+   s->io = *c;
+   s->io_user_data = user;
+   s->buflen = sizeof(s->buffer_start);
+   s->read_from_callbacks = 1;
+   s->callback_already_read = 0;
+   s->img_buffer = s->img_buffer_original = s->buffer_start;
+   stbi__refill_buffer(s);
+   s->img_buffer_original_end = s->img_buffer_end;
+}
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
+
+static int stbi__stdio_read(void *user, char *data, int size)
+{
+   return (int) fread(data,1,size,(FILE*) user);
+}
+
+static void stbi__stdio_skip(void *user, int n)
+{
+   int ch;
+   fseek((FILE*) user, n, SEEK_CUR);
+   ch = fgetc((FILE*) user);  /* have to read a byte to reset feof()'s flag */
+   if (ch != EOF) {
+      ungetc(ch, (FILE *) user);  /* push byte back onto stream if valid. */
+   }
+}
+
+static int stbi__stdio_eof(void *user)
+{
+   return feof((FILE*) user) || ferror((FILE *) user);
+}
+
+static stbi_io_callbacks stbi__stdio_callbacks =
+{
+   stbi__stdio_read,
+   stbi__stdio_skip,
+   stbi__stdio_eof,
+};
+
+static void stbi__start_file(stbi__context *s, FILE *f)
+{
+   stbi__start_callbacks(s, &stbi__stdio_callbacks, (void *) f);
+}
+
+//static void stop_file(stbi__context *s) { }
+
+#endif // !STBI_NO_STDIO
+
+static void stbi__rewind(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   // conceptually rewind SHOULD rewind to the beginning of the stream,
+   // but we just rewind to the beginning of the initial buffer, because
+   // we only use it after doing 'test', which only ever looks at at most 92 bytes
+   s->img_buffer = s->img_buffer_original;
+   s->img_buffer_end = s->img_buffer_original_end;
+}
+
+enum
+{
+   STBI_ORDER_RGB,
+   STBI_ORDER_BGR
+};
+
+typedef struct
+{
+   int bits_per_channel;
+   int num_channels;
+   int channel_order;
+} stbi__result_info;
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_JPEG
+static int      stbi__jpeg_test(stbi__context *s);
+static void    *stbi__jpeg_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri);
+static int      stbi__jpeg_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_PNG
+static int      stbi__png_test(stbi__context *s);
+static void    *stbi__png_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri);
+static int      stbi__png_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp);
+static int      stbi__png_is16(stbi__context *s);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_BMP
+static int      stbi__bmp_test(stbi__context *s);
+static void    *stbi__bmp_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri);
+static int      stbi__bmp_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_TGA
+static int      stbi__tga_test(stbi__context *s);
+static void    *stbi__tga_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri);
+static int      stbi__tga_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_PSD
+static int      stbi__psd_test(stbi__context *s);
+static void    *stbi__psd_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri, int bpc);
+static int      stbi__psd_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp);
+static int      stbi__psd_is16(stbi__context *s);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_HDR
+static int      stbi__hdr_test(stbi__context *s);
+static float   *stbi__hdr_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri);
+static int      stbi__hdr_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_PIC
+static int      stbi__pic_test(stbi__context *s);
+static void    *stbi__pic_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri);
+static int      stbi__pic_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_GIF
+static int      stbi__gif_test(stbi__context *s);
+static void    *stbi__gif_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri);
+static void    *stbi__load_gif_main(stbi__context *s, int **delays, int *x, int *y, int *z, int *comp, int req_comp);
+static int      stbi__gif_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_PNM
+static int      stbi__pnm_test(stbi__context *s);
+static void    *stbi__pnm_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri);
+static int      stbi__pnm_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp);
+static int      stbi__pnm_is16(stbi__context *s);
+#endif
+
+static
+#ifdef STBI_THREAD_LOCAL
+STBI_THREAD_LOCAL
+#endif
+const char *stbi__g_failure_reason;
+
+STBIDEF const char *stbi_failure_reason(void)
+{
+   return stbi__g_failure_reason;
+}
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_FAILURE_STRINGS
+static int stbi__err(const char *str)
+{
+   stbi__g_failure_reason = str;
+   return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static void *stbi__malloc(size_t size)
+{
+    return STBI_MALLOC(size);
+}
+
+// stb_image uses ints pervasively, including for offset calculations.
+// therefore the largest decoded image size we can support with the
+// current code, even on 64-bit targets, is INT_MAX. this is not a
+// significant limitation for the intended use case.
+//
+// we do, however, need to make sure our size calculations don't
+// overflow. hence a few helper functions for size calculations that
+// multiply integers together, making sure that they're non-negative
+// and no overflow occurs.
+
+// return 1 if the sum is valid, 0 on overflow.
+// negative terms are considered invalid.
+static int stbi__addsizes_valid(int a, int b)
+{
+   if (b < 0) return 0;
+   // now 0 <= b <= INT_MAX, hence also
+   // 0 <= INT_MAX - b <= INTMAX.
+   // And "a + b <= INT_MAX" (which might overflow) is the
+   // same as a <= INT_MAX - b (no overflow)
+   return a <= INT_MAX - b;
+}
+
+// returns 1 if the product is valid, 0 on overflow.
+// negative factors are considered invalid.
+static int stbi__mul2sizes_valid(int a, int b)
+{
+   if (a < 0 || b < 0) return 0;
+   if (b == 0) return 1; // mul-by-0 is always safe
+   // portable way to check for no overflows in a*b
+   return a <= INT_MAX/b;
+}
+
+#if !defined(STBI_NO_JPEG) || !defined(STBI_NO_PNG) || !defined(STBI_NO_TGA) || !defined(STBI_NO_HDR)
+// returns 1 if "a*b + add" has no negative terms/factors and doesn't overflow
+static int stbi__mad2sizes_valid(int a, int b, int add)
+{
+   return stbi__mul2sizes_valid(a, b) && stbi__addsizes_valid(a*b, add);
+}
+#endif
+
+// returns 1 if "a*b*c + add" has no negative terms/factors and doesn't overflow
+static int stbi__mad3sizes_valid(int a, int b, int c, int add)
+{
+   return stbi__mul2sizes_valid(a, b) && stbi__mul2sizes_valid(a*b, c) &&
+      stbi__addsizes_valid(a*b*c, add);
+}
+
+// returns 1 if "a*b*c*d + add" has no negative terms/factors and doesn't overflow
+#if !defined(STBI_NO_LINEAR) || !defined(STBI_NO_HDR) || !defined(STBI_NO_PNM)
+static int stbi__mad4sizes_valid(int a, int b, int c, int d, int add)
+{
+   return stbi__mul2sizes_valid(a, b) && stbi__mul2sizes_valid(a*b, c) &&
+      stbi__mul2sizes_valid(a*b*c, d) && stbi__addsizes_valid(a*b*c*d, add);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(STBI_NO_JPEG) || !defined(STBI_NO_PNG) || !defined(STBI_NO_TGA) || !defined(STBI_NO_HDR)
+// mallocs with size overflow checking
+static void *stbi__malloc_mad2(int a, int b, int add)
+{
+   if (!stbi__mad2sizes_valid(a, b, add)) return NULL;
+   return stbi__malloc(a*b + add);
+}
+#endif
+
+static void *stbi__malloc_mad3(int a, int b, int c, int add)
+{
+   if (!stbi__mad3sizes_valid(a, b, c, add)) return NULL;
+   return stbi__malloc(a*b*c + add);
+}
+
+#if !defined(STBI_NO_LINEAR) || !defined(STBI_NO_HDR) || !defined(STBI_NO_PNM)
+static void *stbi__malloc_mad4(int a, int b, int c, int d, int add)
+{
+   if (!stbi__mad4sizes_valid(a, b, c, d, add)) return NULL;
+   return stbi__malloc(a*b*c*d + add);
+}
+#endif
+
+// returns 1 if the sum of two signed ints is valid (between -2^31 and 2^31-1 inclusive), 0 on overflow.
+static int stbi__addints_valid(int a, int b)
+{
+   if ((a >= 0) != (b >= 0)) return 1; // a and b have different signs, so no overflow
+   if (a < 0 && b < 0) return a >= INT_MIN - b; // same as a + b >= INT_MIN; INT_MIN - b cannot overflow since b < 0.
+   return a <= INT_MAX - b;
+}
+
+// returns 1 if the product of two ints fits in a signed short, 0 on overflow.
+static int stbi__mul2shorts_valid(int a, int b)
+{
+   if (b == 0 || b == -1) return 1; // multiplication by 0 is always 0; check for -1 so SHRT_MIN/b doesn't overflow
+   if ((a >= 0) == (b >= 0)) return a <= SHRT_MAX/b; // product is positive, so similar to mul2sizes_valid
+   if (b < 0) return a <= SHRT_MIN / b; // same as a * b >= SHRT_MIN
+   return a >= SHRT_MIN / b;
+}
+
+// stbi__err - error
+// stbi__errpf - error returning pointer to float
+// stbi__errpuc - error returning pointer to unsigned char
+
+#ifdef STBI_NO_FAILURE_STRINGS
+   #define stbi__err(x,y)  0
+#elif defined(STBI_FAILURE_USERMSG)
+   #define stbi__err(x,y)  stbi__err(y)
+#else
+   #define stbi__err(x,y)  stbi__err(x)
+#endif
+
+#define stbi__errpf(x,y)   ((float *)(size_t) (stbi__err(x,y)?NULL:NULL))
+#define stbi__errpuc(x,y)  ((unsigned char *)(size_t) (stbi__err(x,y)?NULL:NULL))
+
+STBIDEF void stbi_image_free(void *retval_from_stbi_load)
+{
+   STBI_FREE(retval_from_stbi_load);
+}
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_LINEAR
+static float   *stbi__ldr_to_hdr(stbi_uc *data, int x, int y, int comp);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_HDR
+static stbi_uc *stbi__hdr_to_ldr(float   *data, int x, int y, int comp);
+#endif
+
+static int stbi__vertically_flip_on_load_global = 0;
+
+STBIDEF void stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(int flag_true_if_should_flip)
+{
+   stbi__vertically_flip_on_load_global = flag_true_if_should_flip;
+}
+
+#ifndef STBI_THREAD_LOCAL
+#define stbi__vertically_flip_on_load  stbi__vertically_flip_on_load_global
+#else
+static STBI_THREAD_LOCAL int stbi__vertically_flip_on_load_local, stbi__vertically_flip_on_load_set;
+
+STBIDEF void stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load_thread(int flag_true_if_should_flip)
+{
+   stbi__vertically_flip_on_load_local = flag_true_if_should_flip;
+   stbi__vertically_flip_on_load_set = 1;
+}
+
+#define stbi__vertically_flip_on_load  (stbi__vertically_flip_on_load_set       \
+                                         ? stbi__vertically_flip_on_load_local  \
+                                         : stbi__vertically_flip_on_load_global)
+#endif // STBI_THREAD_LOCAL
+
+static void *stbi__load_main(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri, int bpc)
+{
+   memset(ri, 0, sizeof(*ri)); // make sure it's initialized if we add new fields
+   ri->bits_per_channel = 8; // default is 8 so most paths don't have to be changed
+   ri->channel_order = STBI_ORDER_RGB; // all current input & output are this, but this is here so we can add BGR order
+   ri->num_channels = 0;
+
+   // test the formats with a very explicit header first (at least a FOURCC
+   // or distinctive magic number first)
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_PNG
+   if (stbi__png_test(s))  return stbi__png_load(s,x,y,comp,req_comp, ri);
+   #endif
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_BMP
+   if (stbi__bmp_test(s))  return stbi__bmp_load(s,x,y,comp,req_comp, ri);
+   #endif
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_GIF
+   if (stbi__gif_test(s))  return stbi__gif_load(s,x,y,comp,req_comp, ri);
+   #endif
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_PSD
+   if (stbi__psd_test(s))  return stbi__psd_load(s,x,y,comp,req_comp, ri, bpc);
+   #else
+   STBI_NOTUSED(bpc);
+   #endif
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_PIC
+   if (stbi__pic_test(s))  return stbi__pic_load(s,x,y,comp,req_comp, ri);
+   #endif
+
+   // then the formats that can end up attempting to load with just 1 or 2
+   // bytes matching expectations; these are prone to false positives, so
+   // try them later
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_JPEG
+   if (stbi__jpeg_test(s)) return stbi__jpeg_load(s,x,y,comp,req_comp, ri);
+   #endif
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_PNM
+   if (stbi__pnm_test(s))  return stbi__pnm_load(s,x,y,comp,req_comp, ri);
+   #endif
+
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_HDR
+   if (stbi__hdr_test(s)) {
+      float *hdr = stbi__hdr_load(s, x,y,comp,req_comp, ri);
+      return stbi__hdr_to_ldr(hdr, *x, *y, req_comp ? req_comp : *comp);
+   }
+   #endif
+
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_TGA
+   // test tga last because it's a crappy test!
+   if (stbi__tga_test(s))
+      return stbi__tga_load(s,x,y,comp,req_comp, ri);
+   #endif
+
+   return stbi__errpuc("unknown image type", "Image not of any known type, or corrupt");
+}
+
+static stbi_uc *stbi__convert_16_to_8(stbi__uint16 *orig, int w, int h, int channels)
+{
+   int i;
+   int img_len = w * h * channels;
+   stbi_uc *reduced;
+
+   reduced = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc(img_len);
+   if (reduced == NULL) return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+
+   for (i = 0; i < img_len; ++i)
+      reduced[i] = (stbi_uc)((orig[i] >> 8) & 0xFF); // top half of each byte is sufficient approx of 16->8 bit scaling
+
+   STBI_FREE(orig);
+   return reduced;
+}
+
+static stbi__uint16 *stbi__convert_8_to_16(stbi_uc *orig, int w, int h, int channels)
+{
+   int i;
+   int img_len = w * h * channels;
+   stbi__uint16 *enlarged;
+
+   enlarged = (stbi__uint16 *) stbi__malloc(img_len*2);
+   if (enlarged == NULL) return (stbi__uint16 *) stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+
+   for (i = 0; i < img_len; ++i)
+      enlarged[i] = (stbi__uint16)((orig[i] << 8) + orig[i]); // replicate to high and low byte, maps 0->0, 255->0xffff
+
+   STBI_FREE(orig);
+   return enlarged;
+}
+
+static void stbi__vertical_flip(void *image, int w, int h, int bytes_per_pixel)
+{
+   int row;
+   size_t bytes_per_row = (size_t)w * bytes_per_pixel;
+   stbi_uc temp[2048];
+   stbi_uc *bytes = (stbi_uc *)image;
+
+   for (row = 0; row < (h>>1); row++) {
+      stbi_uc *row0 = bytes + row*bytes_per_row;
+      stbi_uc *row1 = bytes + (h - row - 1)*bytes_per_row;
+      // swap row0 with row1
+      size_t bytes_left = bytes_per_row;
+      while (bytes_left) {
+         size_t bytes_copy = (bytes_left < sizeof(temp)) ? bytes_left : sizeof(temp);
+         memcpy(temp, row0, bytes_copy);
+         memcpy(row0, row1, bytes_copy);
+         memcpy(row1, temp, bytes_copy);
+         row0 += bytes_copy;
+         row1 += bytes_copy;
+         bytes_left -= bytes_copy;
+      }
+   }
+}
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_GIF
+static void stbi__vertical_flip_slices(void *image, int w, int h, int z, int bytes_per_pixel)
+{
+   int slice;
+   int slice_size = w * h * bytes_per_pixel;
+
+   stbi_uc *bytes = (stbi_uc *)image;
+   for (slice = 0; slice < z; ++slice) {
+      stbi__vertical_flip(bytes, w, h, bytes_per_pixel);
+      bytes += slice_size;
+   }
+}
+#endif
+
+static unsigned char *stbi__load_and_postprocess_8bit(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   stbi__result_info ri;
+   void *result = stbi__load_main(s, x, y, comp, req_comp, &ri, 8);
+
+   if (result == NULL)
+      return NULL;
+
+   // it is the responsibility of the loaders to make sure we get either 8 or 16 bit.
+   STBI_ASSERT(ri.bits_per_channel == 8 || ri.bits_per_channel == 16);
+
+   if (ri.bits_per_channel != 8) {
+      result = stbi__convert_16_to_8((stbi__uint16 *) result, *x, *y, req_comp == 0 ? *comp : req_comp);
+      ri.bits_per_channel = 8;
+   }
+
+   // @TODO: move stbi__convert_format to here
+
+   if (stbi__vertically_flip_on_load) {
+      int channels = req_comp ? req_comp : *comp;
+      stbi__vertical_flip(result, *x, *y, channels * sizeof(stbi_uc));
+   }
+
+   return (unsigned char *) result;
+}
+
+static stbi__uint16 *stbi__load_and_postprocess_16bit(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   stbi__result_info ri;
+   void *result = stbi__load_main(s, x, y, comp, req_comp, &ri, 16);
+
+   if (result == NULL)
+      return NULL;
+
+   // it is the responsibility of the loaders to make sure we get either 8 or 16 bit.
+   STBI_ASSERT(ri.bits_per_channel == 8 || ri.bits_per_channel == 16);
+
+   if (ri.bits_per_channel != 16) {
+      result = stbi__convert_8_to_16((stbi_uc *) result, *x, *y, req_comp == 0 ? *comp : req_comp);
+      ri.bits_per_channel = 16;
+   }
+
+   // @TODO: move stbi__convert_format16 to here
+   // @TODO: special case RGB-to-Y (and RGBA-to-YA) for 8-bit-to-16-bit case to keep more precision
+
+   if (stbi__vertically_flip_on_load) {
+      int channels = req_comp ? req_comp : *comp;
+      stbi__vertical_flip(result, *x, *y, channels * sizeof(stbi__uint16));
+   }
+
+   return (stbi__uint16 *) result;
+}
+
+#if !defined(STBI_NO_HDR) && !defined(STBI_NO_LINEAR)
+static void stbi__float_postprocess(float *result, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   if (stbi__vertically_flip_on_load && result != NULL) {
+      int channels = req_comp ? req_comp : *comp;
+      stbi__vertical_flip(result, *x, *y, channels * sizeof(float));
+   }
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(STBI_WINDOWS_UTF8)
+STBI_EXTERN __declspec(dllimport) int __stdcall MultiByteToWideChar(unsigned int cp, unsigned long flags, const char *str, int cbmb, wchar_t *widestr, int cchwide);
+STBI_EXTERN __declspec(dllimport) int __stdcall WideCharToMultiByte(unsigned int cp, unsigned long flags, const wchar_t *widestr, int cchwide, char *str, int cbmb, const char *defchar, int *used_default);
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(STBI_WINDOWS_UTF8)
+STBIDEF int stbi_convert_wchar_to_utf8(char *buffer, size_t bufferlen, const wchar_t* input)
+{
+        return WideCharToMultiByte(65001 /* UTF8 */, 0, input, -1, buffer, (int) bufferlen, NULL, NULL);
+}
+#endif
+
+static FILE *stbi__fopen(char const *filename, char const *mode)
+{
+   FILE *f;
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(STBI_WINDOWS_UTF8)
+   wchar_t wMode[64];
+   wchar_t wFilename[1024];
+        if (0 == MultiByteToWideChar(65001 /* UTF8 */, 0, filename, -1, wFilename, sizeof(wFilename)/sizeof(*wFilename)))
+      return 0;
+
+        if (0 == MultiByteToWideChar(65001 /* UTF8 */, 0, mode, -1, wMode, sizeof(wMode)/sizeof(*wMode)))
+      return 0;
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1400
+        if (0 != _wfopen_s(&f, wFilename, wMode))
+                f = 0;
+#else
+   f = _wfopen(wFilename, wMode);
+#endif
+
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1400
+   if (0 != fopen_s(&f, filename, mode))
+      f=0;
+#else
+   f = fopen(filename, mode);
+#endif
+   return f;
+}
+
+
+STBIDEF stbi_uc *stbi_load(char const *filename, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   FILE *f = stbi__fopen(filename, "rb");
+   unsigned char *result;
+   if (!f) return stbi__errpuc("can't fopen", "Unable to open file");
+   result = stbi_load_from_file(f,x,y,comp,req_comp);
+   fclose(f);
+   return result;
+}
+
+STBIDEF stbi_uc *stbi_load_from_file(FILE *f, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   unsigned char *result;
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_file(&s,f);
+   result = stbi__load_and_postprocess_8bit(&s,x,y,comp,req_comp);
+   if (result) {
+      // need to 'unget' all the characters in the IO buffer
+      fseek(f, - (int) (s.img_buffer_end - s.img_buffer), SEEK_CUR);
+   }
+   return result;
+}
+
+STBIDEF stbi__uint16 *stbi_load_from_file_16(FILE *f, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   stbi__uint16 *result;
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_file(&s,f);
+   result = stbi__load_and_postprocess_16bit(&s,x,y,comp,req_comp);
+   if (result) {
+      // need to 'unget' all the characters in the IO buffer
+      fseek(f, - (int) (s.img_buffer_end - s.img_buffer), SEEK_CUR);
+   }
+   return result;
+}
+
+STBIDEF stbi_us *stbi_load_16(char const *filename, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   FILE *f = stbi__fopen(filename, "rb");
+   stbi__uint16 *result;
+   if (!f) return (stbi_us *) stbi__errpuc("can't fopen", "Unable to open file");
+   result = stbi_load_from_file_16(f,x,y,comp,req_comp);
+   fclose(f);
+   return result;
+}
+
+
+#endif //!STBI_NO_STDIO
+
+STBIDEF stbi_us *stbi_load_16_from_memory(stbi_uc const *buffer, int len, int *x, int *y, int *channels_in_file, int desired_channels)
+{
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_mem(&s,buffer,len);
+   return stbi__load_and_postprocess_16bit(&s,x,y,channels_in_file,desired_channels);
+}
+
+STBIDEF stbi_us *stbi_load_16_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const *clbk, void *user, int *x, int *y, int *channels_in_file, int desired_channels)
+{
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_callbacks(&s, (stbi_io_callbacks *)clbk, user);
+   return stbi__load_and_postprocess_16bit(&s,x,y,channels_in_file,desired_channels);
+}
+
+STBIDEF stbi_uc *stbi_load_from_memory(stbi_uc const *buffer, int len, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_mem(&s,buffer,len);
+   return stbi__load_and_postprocess_8bit(&s,x,y,comp,req_comp);
+}
+
+STBIDEF stbi_uc *stbi_load_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const *clbk, void *user, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_callbacks(&s, (stbi_io_callbacks *) clbk, user);
+   return stbi__load_and_postprocess_8bit(&s,x,y,comp,req_comp);
+}
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_GIF
+STBIDEF stbi_uc *stbi_load_gif_from_memory(stbi_uc const *buffer, int len, int **delays, int *x, int *y, int *z, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   unsigned char *result;
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_mem(&s,buffer,len);
+
+   result = (unsigned char*) stbi__load_gif_main(&s, delays, x, y, z, comp, req_comp);
+   if (stbi__vertically_flip_on_load) {
+      stbi__vertical_flip_slices( result, *x, *y, *z, *comp );
+   }
+
+   return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_LINEAR
+static float *stbi__loadf_main(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   unsigned char *data;
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_HDR
+   if (stbi__hdr_test(s)) {
+      stbi__result_info ri;
+      float *hdr_data = stbi__hdr_load(s,x,y,comp,req_comp, &ri);
+      if (hdr_data)
+         stbi__float_postprocess(hdr_data,x,y,comp,req_comp);
+      return hdr_data;
+   }
+   #endif
+   data = stbi__load_and_postprocess_8bit(s, x, y, comp, req_comp);
+   if (data)
+      return stbi__ldr_to_hdr(data, *x, *y, req_comp ? req_comp : *comp);
+   return stbi__errpf("unknown image type", "Image not of any known type, or corrupt");
+}
+
+STBIDEF float *stbi_loadf_from_memory(stbi_uc const *buffer, int len, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_mem(&s,buffer,len);
+   return stbi__loadf_main(&s,x,y,comp,req_comp);
+}
+
+STBIDEF float *stbi_loadf_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const *clbk, void *user, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_callbacks(&s, (stbi_io_callbacks *) clbk, user);
+   return stbi__loadf_main(&s,x,y,comp,req_comp);
+}
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
+STBIDEF float *stbi_loadf(char const *filename, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   float *result;
+   FILE *f = stbi__fopen(filename, "rb");
+   if (!f) return stbi__errpf("can't fopen", "Unable to open file");
+   result = stbi_loadf_from_file(f,x,y,comp,req_comp);
+   fclose(f);
+   return result;
+}
+
+STBIDEF float *stbi_loadf_from_file(FILE *f, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_file(&s,f);
+   return stbi__loadf_main(&s,x,y,comp,req_comp);
+}
+#endif // !STBI_NO_STDIO
+
+#endif // !STBI_NO_LINEAR
+
+// these is-hdr-or-not is defined independent of whether STBI_NO_LINEAR is
+// defined, for API simplicity; if STBI_NO_LINEAR is defined, it always
+// reports false!
+
+STBIDEF int stbi_is_hdr_from_memory(stbi_uc const *buffer, int len)
+{
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_HDR
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_mem(&s,buffer,len);
+   return stbi__hdr_test(&s);
+   #else
+   STBI_NOTUSED(buffer);
+   STBI_NOTUSED(len);
+   return 0;
+   #endif
+}
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
+STBIDEF int      stbi_is_hdr          (char const *filename)
+{
+   FILE *f = stbi__fopen(filename, "rb");
+   int result=0;
+   if (f) {
+      result = stbi_is_hdr_from_file(f);
+      fclose(f);
+   }
+   return result;
+}
+
+STBIDEF int stbi_is_hdr_from_file(FILE *f)
+{
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_HDR
+   long pos = ftell(f);
+   int res;
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_file(&s,f);
+   res = stbi__hdr_test(&s);
+   fseek(f, pos, SEEK_SET);
+   return res;
+   #else
+   STBI_NOTUSED(f);
+   return 0;
+   #endif
+}
+#endif // !STBI_NO_STDIO
+
+STBIDEF int      stbi_is_hdr_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const *clbk, void *user)
+{
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_HDR
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_callbacks(&s, (stbi_io_callbacks *) clbk, user);
+   return stbi__hdr_test(&s);
+   #else
+   STBI_NOTUSED(clbk);
+   STBI_NOTUSED(user);
+   return 0;
+   #endif
+}
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_LINEAR
+static float stbi__l2h_gamma=2.2f, stbi__l2h_scale=1.0f;
+
+STBIDEF void   stbi_ldr_to_hdr_gamma(float gamma) { stbi__l2h_gamma = gamma; }
+STBIDEF void   stbi_ldr_to_hdr_scale(float scale) { stbi__l2h_scale = scale; }
+#endif
+
+static float stbi__h2l_gamma_i=1.0f/2.2f, stbi__h2l_scale_i=1.0f;
+
+STBIDEF void   stbi_hdr_to_ldr_gamma(float gamma) { stbi__h2l_gamma_i = 1/gamma; }
+STBIDEF void   stbi_hdr_to_ldr_scale(float scale) { stbi__h2l_scale_i = 1/scale; }
+
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// Common code used by all image loaders
+//
+
+enum
+{
+   STBI__SCAN_load=0,
+   STBI__SCAN_type,
+   STBI__SCAN_header
+};
+
+static void stbi__refill_buffer(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   int n = (s->io.read)(s->io_user_data,(char*)s->buffer_start,s->buflen);
+   s->callback_already_read += (int) (s->img_buffer - s->img_buffer_original);
+   if (n == 0) {
+      // at end of file, treat same as if from memory, but need to handle case
+      // where s->img_buffer isn't pointing to safe memory, e.g. 0-byte file
+      s->read_from_callbacks = 0;
+      s->img_buffer = s->buffer_start;
+      s->img_buffer_end = s->buffer_start+1;
+      *s->img_buffer = 0;
+   } else {
+      s->img_buffer = s->buffer_start;
+      s->img_buffer_end = s->buffer_start + n;
+   }
+}
+
+stbi_inline static stbi_uc stbi__get8(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   if (s->img_buffer < s->img_buffer_end)
+      return *s->img_buffer++;
+   if (s->read_from_callbacks) {
+      stbi__refill_buffer(s);
+      return *s->img_buffer++;
+   }
+   return 0;
+}
+
+#if defined(STBI_NO_JPEG) && defined(STBI_NO_HDR) && defined(STBI_NO_PIC) && defined(STBI_NO_PNM)
+// nothing
+#else
+stbi_inline static int stbi__at_eof(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   if (s->io.read) {
+      if (!(s->io.eof)(s->io_user_data)) return 0;
+      // if feof() is true, check if buffer = end
+      // special case: we've only got the special 0 character at the end
+      if (s->read_from_callbacks == 0) return 1;
+   }
+
+   return s->img_buffer >= s->img_buffer_end;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(STBI_NO_JPEG) && defined(STBI_NO_PNG) && defined(STBI_NO_BMP) && defined(STBI_NO_PSD) && defined(STBI_NO_TGA) && defined(STBI_NO_GIF) && defined(STBI_NO_PIC)
+// nothing
+#else
+static void stbi__skip(stbi__context *s, int n)
+{
+   if (n == 0) return;  // already there!
+   if (n < 0) {
+      s->img_buffer = s->img_buffer_end;
+      return;
+   }
+   if (s->io.read) {
+      int blen = (int) (s->img_buffer_end - s->img_buffer);
+      if (blen < n) {
+         s->img_buffer = s->img_buffer_end;
+         (s->io.skip)(s->io_user_data, n - blen);
+         return;
+      }
+   }
+   s->img_buffer += n;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(STBI_NO_PNG) && defined(STBI_NO_TGA) && defined(STBI_NO_HDR) && defined(STBI_NO_PNM)
+// nothing
+#else
+static int stbi__getn(stbi__context *s, stbi_uc *buffer, int n)
+{
+   if (s->io.read) {
+      int blen = (int) (s->img_buffer_end - s->img_buffer);
+      if (blen < n) {
+         int res, count;
+
+         memcpy(buffer, s->img_buffer, blen);
+
+         count = (s->io.read)(s->io_user_data, (char*) buffer + blen, n - blen);
+         res = (count == (n-blen));
+         s->img_buffer = s->img_buffer_end;
+         return res;
+      }
+   }
+
+   if (s->img_buffer+n <= s->img_buffer_end) {
+      memcpy(buffer, s->img_buffer, n);
+      s->img_buffer += n;
+      return 1;
+   } else
+      return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(STBI_NO_JPEG) && defined(STBI_NO_PNG) && defined(STBI_NO_PSD) && defined(STBI_NO_PIC)
+// nothing
+#else
+static int stbi__get16be(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   int z = stbi__get8(s);
+   return (z << 8) + stbi__get8(s);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(STBI_NO_PNG) && defined(STBI_NO_PSD) && defined(STBI_NO_PIC)
+// nothing
+#else
+static stbi__uint32 stbi__get32be(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   stbi__uint32 z = stbi__get16be(s);
+   return (z << 16) + stbi__get16be(s);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(STBI_NO_BMP) && defined(STBI_NO_TGA) && defined(STBI_NO_GIF)
+// nothing
+#else
+static int stbi__get16le(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   int z = stbi__get8(s);
+   return z + (stbi__get8(s) << 8);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_BMP
+static stbi__uint32 stbi__get32le(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   stbi__uint32 z = stbi__get16le(s);
+   z += (stbi__uint32)stbi__get16le(s) << 16;
+   return z;
+}
+#endif
+
+#define STBI__BYTECAST(x)  ((stbi_uc) ((x) & 255))  // truncate int to byte without warnings
+
+#if defined(STBI_NO_JPEG) && defined(STBI_NO_PNG) && defined(STBI_NO_BMP) && defined(STBI_NO_PSD) && defined(STBI_NO_TGA) && defined(STBI_NO_GIF) && defined(STBI_NO_PIC) && defined(STBI_NO_PNM)
+// nothing
+#else
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+//  generic converter from built-in img_n to req_comp
+//    individual types do this automatically as much as possible (e.g. jpeg
+//    does all cases internally since it needs to colorspace convert anyway,
+//    and it never has alpha, so very few cases ). png can automatically
+//    interleave an alpha=255 channel, but falls back to this for other cases
+//
+//  assume data buffer is malloced, so malloc a new one and free that one
+//  only failure mode is malloc failing
+
+static stbi_uc stbi__compute_y(int r, int g, int b)
+{
+   return (stbi_uc) (((r*77) + (g*150) +  (29*b)) >> 8);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(STBI_NO_PNG) && defined(STBI_NO_BMP) && defined(STBI_NO_PSD) && defined(STBI_NO_TGA) && defined(STBI_NO_GIF) && defined(STBI_NO_PIC) && defined(STBI_NO_PNM)
+// nothing
+#else
+static unsigned char *stbi__convert_format(unsigned char *data, int img_n, int req_comp, unsigned int x, unsigned int y)
+{
+   int i,j;
+   unsigned char *good;
+
+   if (req_comp == img_n) return data;
+   STBI_ASSERT(req_comp >= 1 && req_comp <= 4);
+
+   good = (unsigned char *) stbi__malloc_mad3(req_comp, x, y, 0);
+   if (good == NULL) {
+      STBI_FREE(data);
+      return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+   }
+
+   for (j=0; j < (int) y; ++j) {
+      unsigned char *src  = data + j * x * img_n   ;
+      unsigned char *dest = good + j * x * req_comp;
+
+      #define STBI__COMBO(a,b)  ((a)*8+(b))
+      #define STBI__CASE(a,b)   case STBI__COMBO(a,b): for(i=x-1; i >= 0; --i, src += a, dest += b)
+      // convert source image with img_n components to one with req_comp components;
+      // avoid switch per pixel, so use switch per scanline and massive macros
+      switch (STBI__COMBO(img_n, req_comp)) {
+         STBI__CASE(1,2) { dest[0]=src[0]; dest[1]=255;                                     } break;
+         STBI__CASE(1,3) { dest[0]=dest[1]=dest[2]=src[0];                                  } break;
+         STBI__CASE(1,4) { dest[0]=dest[1]=dest[2]=src[0]; dest[3]=255;                     } break;
+         STBI__CASE(2,1) { dest[0]=src[0];                                                  } break;
+         STBI__CASE(2,3) { dest[0]=dest[1]=dest[2]=src[0];                                  } break;
+         STBI__CASE(2,4) { dest[0]=dest[1]=dest[2]=src[0]; dest[3]=src[1];                  } break;
+         STBI__CASE(3,4) { dest[0]=src[0];dest[1]=src[1];dest[2]=src[2];dest[3]=255;        } break;
+         STBI__CASE(3,1) { dest[0]=stbi__compute_y(src[0],src[1],src[2]);                   } break;
+         STBI__CASE(3,2) { dest[0]=stbi__compute_y(src[0],src[1],src[2]); dest[1] = 255;    } break;
+         STBI__CASE(4,1) { dest[0]=stbi__compute_y(src[0],src[1],src[2]);                   } break;
+         STBI__CASE(4,2) { dest[0]=stbi__compute_y(src[0],src[1],src[2]); dest[1] = src[3]; } break;
+         STBI__CASE(4,3) { dest[0]=src[0];dest[1]=src[1];dest[2]=src[2];                    } break;
+         default: STBI_ASSERT(0); STBI_FREE(data); STBI_FREE(good); return stbi__errpuc("unsupported", "Unsupported format conversion");
+      }
+      #undef STBI__CASE
+   }
+
+   STBI_FREE(data);
+   return good;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(STBI_NO_PNG) && defined(STBI_NO_PSD)
+// nothing
+#else
+static stbi__uint16 stbi__compute_y_16(int r, int g, int b)
+{
+   return (stbi__uint16) (((r*77) + (g*150) +  (29*b)) >> 8);
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(STBI_NO_PNG) && defined(STBI_NO_PSD)
+// nothing
+#else
+static stbi__uint16 *stbi__convert_format16(stbi__uint16 *data, int img_n, int req_comp, unsigned int x, unsigned int y)
+{
+   int i,j;
+   stbi__uint16 *good;
+
+   if (req_comp == img_n) return data;
+   STBI_ASSERT(req_comp >= 1 && req_comp <= 4);
+
+   good = (stbi__uint16 *) stbi__malloc(req_comp * x * y * 2);
+   if (good == NULL) {
+      STBI_FREE(data);
+      return (stbi__uint16 *) stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+   }
+
+   for (j=0; j < (int) y; ++j) {
+      stbi__uint16 *src  = data + j * x * img_n   ;
+      stbi__uint16 *dest = good + j * x * req_comp;
+
+      #define STBI__COMBO(a,b)  ((a)*8+(b))
+      #define STBI__CASE(a,b)   case STBI__COMBO(a,b): for(i=x-1; i >= 0; --i, src += a, dest += b)
+      // convert source image with img_n components to one with req_comp components;
+      // avoid switch per pixel, so use switch per scanline and massive macros
+      switch (STBI__COMBO(img_n, req_comp)) {
+         STBI__CASE(1,2) { dest[0]=src[0]; dest[1]=0xffff;                                     } break;
+         STBI__CASE(1,3) { dest[0]=dest[1]=dest[2]=src[0];                                     } break;
+         STBI__CASE(1,4) { dest[0]=dest[1]=dest[2]=src[0]; dest[3]=0xffff;                     } break;
+         STBI__CASE(2,1) { dest[0]=src[0];                                                     } break;
+         STBI__CASE(2,3) { dest[0]=dest[1]=dest[2]=src[0];                                     } break;
+         STBI__CASE(2,4) { dest[0]=dest[1]=dest[2]=src[0]; dest[3]=src[1];                     } break;
+         STBI__CASE(3,4) { dest[0]=src[0];dest[1]=src[1];dest[2]=src[2];dest[3]=0xffff;        } break;
+         STBI__CASE(3,1) { dest[0]=stbi__compute_y_16(src[0],src[1],src[2]);                   } break;
+         STBI__CASE(3,2) { dest[0]=stbi__compute_y_16(src[0],src[1],src[2]); dest[1] = 0xffff; } break;
+         STBI__CASE(4,1) { dest[0]=stbi__compute_y_16(src[0],src[1],src[2]);                   } break;
+         STBI__CASE(4,2) { dest[0]=stbi__compute_y_16(src[0],src[1],src[2]); dest[1] = src[3]; } break;
+         STBI__CASE(4,3) { dest[0]=src[0];dest[1]=src[1];dest[2]=src[2];                       } break;
+         default: STBI_ASSERT(0); STBI_FREE(data); STBI_FREE(good); return (stbi__uint16*) stbi__errpuc("unsupported", "Unsupported format conversion");
+      }
+      #undef STBI__CASE
+   }
+
+   STBI_FREE(data);
+   return good;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_LINEAR
+static float   *stbi__ldr_to_hdr(stbi_uc *data, int x, int y, int comp)
+{
+   int i,k,n;
+   float *output;
+   if (!data) return NULL;
+   output = (float *) stbi__malloc_mad4(x, y, comp, sizeof(float), 0);
+   if (output == NULL) { STBI_FREE(data); return stbi__errpf("outofmem", "Out of memory"); }
+   // compute number of non-alpha components
+   if (comp & 1) n = comp; else n = comp-1;
+   for (i=0; i < x*y; ++i) {
+      for (k=0; k < n; ++k) {
+         output[i*comp + k] = (float) (pow(data[i*comp+k]/255.0f, stbi__l2h_gamma) * stbi__l2h_scale);
+      }
+   }
+   if (n < comp) {
+      for (i=0; i < x*y; ++i) {
+         output[i*comp + n] = data[i*comp + n]/255.0f;
+      }
+   }
+   STBI_FREE(data);
+   return output;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_HDR
+#define stbi__float2int(x)   ((int) (x))
+static stbi_uc *stbi__hdr_to_ldr(float   *data, int x, int y, int comp)
+{
+   int i,k,n;
+   stbi_uc *output;
+   if (!data) return NULL;
+   output = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad3(x, y, comp, 0);
+   if (output == NULL) { STBI_FREE(data); return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory"); }
+   // compute number of non-alpha components
+   if (comp & 1) n = comp; else n = comp-1;
+   for (i=0; i < x*y; ++i) {
+      for (k=0; k < n; ++k) {
+         float z = (float) pow(data[i*comp+k]*stbi__h2l_scale_i, stbi__h2l_gamma_i) * 255 + 0.5f;
+         if (z < 0) z = 0;
+         if (z > 255) z = 255;
+         output[i*comp + k] = (stbi_uc) stbi__float2int(z);
+      }
+      if (k < comp) {
+         float z = data[i*comp+k] * 255 + 0.5f;
+         if (z < 0) z = 0;
+         if (z > 255) z = 255;
+         output[i*comp + k] = (stbi_uc) stbi__float2int(z);
+      }
+   }
+   STBI_FREE(data);
+   return output;
+}
+#endif
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+//  "baseline" JPEG/JFIF decoder
+//
+//    simple implementation
+//      - doesn't support delayed output of y-dimension
+//      - simple interface (only one output format: 8-bit interleaved RGB)
+//      - doesn't try to recover corrupt jpegs
+//      - doesn't allow partial loading, loading multiple at once
+//      - still fast on x86 (copying globals into locals doesn't help x86)
+//      - allocates lots of intermediate memory (full size of all components)
+//        - non-interleaved case requires this anyway
+//        - allows good upsampling (see next)
+//    high-quality
+//      - upsampled channels are bilinearly interpolated, even across blocks
+//      - quality integer IDCT derived from IJG's 'slow'
+//    performance
+//      - fast huffman; reasonable integer IDCT
+//      - some SIMD kernels for common paths on targets with SSE2/NEON
+//      - uses a lot of intermediate memory, could cache poorly
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_JPEG
+
+// huffman decoding acceleration
+#define FAST_BITS   9  // larger handles more cases; smaller stomps less cache
+
+typedef struct
+{
+   stbi_uc  fast[1 << FAST_BITS];
+   // weirdly, repacking this into AoS is a 10% speed loss, instead of a win
+   stbi__uint16 code[256];
+   stbi_uc  values[256];
+   stbi_uc  size[257];
+   unsigned int maxcode[18];
+   int    delta[17];   // old 'firstsymbol' - old 'firstcode'
+} stbi__huffman;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+   stbi__context *s;
+   stbi__huffman huff_dc[4];
+   stbi__huffman huff_ac[4];
+   stbi__uint16 dequant[4][64];
+   stbi__int16 fast_ac[4][1 << FAST_BITS];
+
+// sizes for components, interleaved MCUs
+   int img_h_max, img_v_max;
+   int img_mcu_x, img_mcu_y;
+   int img_mcu_w, img_mcu_h;
+
+// definition of jpeg image component
+   struct
+   {
+      int id;
+      int h,v;
+      int tq;
+      int hd,ha;
+      int dc_pred;
+
+      int x,y,w2,h2;
+      stbi_uc *data;
+      void *raw_data, *raw_coeff;
+      stbi_uc *linebuf;
+      short   *coeff;   // progressive only
+      int      coeff_w, coeff_h; // number of 8x8 coefficient blocks
+   } img_comp[4];
+
+   stbi__uint32   code_buffer; // jpeg entropy-coded buffer
+   int            code_bits;   // number of valid bits
+   unsigned char  marker;      // marker seen while filling entropy buffer
+   int            nomore;      // flag if we saw a marker so must stop
+
+   int            progressive;
+   int            spec_start;
+   int            spec_end;
+   int            succ_high;
+   int            succ_low;
+   int            eob_run;
+   int            jfif;
+   int            app14_color_transform; // Adobe APP14 tag
+   int            rgb;
+
+   int scan_n, order[4];
+   int restart_interval, todo;
+
+// kernels
+   void (*idct_block_kernel)(stbi_uc *out, int out_stride, short data[64]);
+   void (*YCbCr_to_RGB_kernel)(stbi_uc *out, const stbi_uc *y, const stbi_uc *pcb, const stbi_uc *pcr, int count, int step);
+   stbi_uc *(*resample_row_hv_2_kernel)(stbi_uc *out, stbi_uc *in_near, stbi_uc *in_far, int w, int hs);
+} stbi__jpeg;
+
+static int stbi__build_huffman(stbi__huffman *h, int *count)
+{
+   int i,j,k=0;
+   unsigned int code;
+   // build size list for each symbol (from JPEG spec)
+   for (i=0; i < 16; ++i) {
+      for (j=0; j < count[i]; ++j) {
+         h->size[k++] = (stbi_uc) (i+1);
+         if(k >= 257) return stbi__err("bad size list","Corrupt JPEG");
+      }
+   }
+   h->size[k] = 0;
+
+   // compute actual symbols (from jpeg spec)
+   code = 0;
+   k = 0;
+   for(j=1; j <= 16; ++j) {
+      // compute delta to add to code to compute symbol id
+      h->delta[j] = k - code;
+      if (h->size[k] == j) {
+         while (h->size[k] == j)
+            h->code[k++] = (stbi__uint16) (code++);
+         if (code-1 >= (1u << j)) return stbi__err("bad code lengths","Corrupt JPEG");
+      }
+      // compute largest code + 1 for this size, preshifted as needed later
+      h->maxcode[j] = code << (16-j);
+      code <<= 1;
+   }
+   h->maxcode[j] = 0xffffffff;
+
+   // build non-spec acceleration table; 255 is flag for not-accelerated
+   memset(h->fast, 255, 1 << FAST_BITS);
+   for (i=0; i < k; ++i) {
+      int s = h->size[i];
+      if (s <= FAST_BITS) {
+         int c = h->code[i] << (FAST_BITS-s);
+         int m = 1 << (FAST_BITS-s);
+         for (j=0; j < m; ++j) {
+            h->fast[c+j] = (stbi_uc) i;
+         }
+      }
+   }
+   return 1;
+}
+
+// build a table that decodes both magnitude and value of small ACs in
+// one go.
+static void stbi__build_fast_ac(stbi__int16 *fast_ac, stbi__huffman *h)
+{
+   int i;
+   for (i=0; i < (1 << FAST_BITS); ++i) {
+      stbi_uc fast = h->fast[i];
+      fast_ac[i] = 0;
+      if (fast < 255) {
+         int rs = h->values[fast];
+         int run = (rs >> 4) & 15;
+         int magbits = rs & 15;
+         int len = h->size[fast];
+
+         if (magbits && len + magbits <= FAST_BITS) {
+            // magnitude code followed by receive_extend code
+            int k = ((i << len) & ((1 << FAST_BITS) - 1)) >> (FAST_BITS - magbits);
+            int m = 1 << (magbits - 1);
+            if (k < m) k += (~0U << magbits) + 1;
+            // if the result is small enough, we can fit it in fast_ac table
+            if (k >= -128 && k <= 127)
+               fast_ac[i] = (stbi__int16) ((k * 256) + (run * 16) + (len + magbits));
+         }
+      }
+   }
+}
+
+static void stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(stbi__jpeg *j)
+{
+   do {
+      unsigned int b = j->nomore ? 0 : stbi__get8(j->s);
+      if (b == 0xff) {
+         int c = stbi__get8(j->s);
+         while (c == 0xff) c = stbi__get8(j->s); // consume fill bytes
+         if (c != 0) {
+            j->marker = (unsigned char) c;
+            j->nomore = 1;
+            return;
+         }
+      }
+      j->code_buffer |= b << (24 - j->code_bits);
+      j->code_bits += 8;
+   } while (j->code_bits <= 24);
+}
+
+// (1 << n) - 1
+static const stbi__uint32 stbi__bmask[17]={0,1,3,7,15,31,63,127,255,511,1023,2047,4095,8191,16383,32767,65535};
+
+// decode a jpeg huffman value from the bitstream
+stbi_inline static int stbi__jpeg_huff_decode(stbi__jpeg *j, stbi__huffman *h)
+{
+   unsigned int temp;
+   int c,k;
+
+   if (j->code_bits < 16) stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(j);
+
+   // look at the top FAST_BITS and determine what symbol ID it is,
+   // if the code is <= FAST_BITS
+   c = (j->code_buffer >> (32 - FAST_BITS)) & ((1 << FAST_BITS)-1);
+   k = h->fast[c];
+   if (k < 255) {
+      int s = h->size[k];
+      if (s > j->code_bits)
+         return -1;
+      j->code_buffer <<= s;
+      j->code_bits -= s;
+      return h->values[k];
+   }
+
+   // naive test is to shift the code_buffer down so k bits are
+   // valid, then test against maxcode. To speed this up, we've
+   // preshifted maxcode left so that it has (16-k) 0s at the
+   // end; in other words, regardless of the number of bits, it
+   // wants to be compared against something shifted to have 16;
+   // that way we don't need to shift inside the loop.
+   temp = j->code_buffer >> 16;
+   for (k=FAST_BITS+1 ; ; ++k)
+      if (temp < h->maxcode[k])
+         break;
+   if (k == 17) {
+      // error! code not found
+      j->code_bits -= 16;
+      return -1;
+   }
+
+   if (k > j->code_bits)
+      return -1;
+
+   // convert the huffman code to the symbol id
+   c = ((j->code_buffer >> (32 - k)) & stbi__bmask[k]) + h->delta[k];
+   if(c < 0 || c >= 256) // symbol id out of bounds!
+       return -1;
+   STBI_ASSERT((((j->code_buffer) >> (32 - h->size[c])) & stbi__bmask[h->size[c]]) == h->code[c]);
+
+   // convert the id to a symbol
+   j->code_bits -= k;
+   j->code_buffer <<= k;
+   return h->values[c];
+}
+
+// bias[n] = (-1<<n) + 1
+static const int stbi__jbias[16] = {0,-1,-3,-7,-15,-31,-63,-127,-255,-511,-1023,-2047,-4095,-8191,-16383,-32767};
+
+// combined JPEG 'receive' and JPEG 'extend', since baseline
+// always extends everything it receives.
+stbi_inline static int stbi__extend_receive(stbi__jpeg *j, int n)
+{
+   unsigned int k;
+   int sgn;
+   if (j->code_bits < n) stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(j);
+   if (j->code_bits < n) return 0; // ran out of bits from stream, return 0s intead of continuing
+
+   sgn = j->code_buffer >> 31; // sign bit always in MSB; 0 if MSB clear (positive), 1 if MSB set (negative)
+   k = stbi_lrot(j->code_buffer, n);
+   j->code_buffer = k & ~stbi__bmask[n];
+   k &= stbi__bmask[n];
+   j->code_bits -= n;
+   return k + (stbi__jbias[n] & (sgn - 1));
+}
+
+// get some unsigned bits
+stbi_inline static int stbi__jpeg_get_bits(stbi__jpeg *j, int n)
+{
+   unsigned int k;
+   if (j->code_bits < n) stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(j);
+   if (j->code_bits < n) return 0; // ran out of bits from stream, return 0s intead of continuing
+   k = stbi_lrot(j->code_buffer, n);
+   j->code_buffer = k & ~stbi__bmask[n];
+   k &= stbi__bmask[n];
+   j->code_bits -= n;
+   return k;
+}
+
+stbi_inline static int stbi__jpeg_get_bit(stbi__jpeg *j)
+{
+   unsigned int k;
+   if (j->code_bits < 1) stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(j);
+   if (j->code_bits < 1) return 0; // ran out of bits from stream, return 0s intead of continuing
+   k = j->code_buffer;
+   j->code_buffer <<= 1;
+   --j->code_bits;
+   return k & 0x80000000;
+}
+
+// given a value that's at position X in the zigzag stream,
+// where does it appear in the 8x8 matrix coded as row-major?
+static const stbi_uc stbi__jpeg_dezigzag[64+15] =
+{
+    0,  1,  8, 16,  9,  2,  3, 10,
+   17, 24, 32, 25, 18, 11,  4,  5,
+   12, 19, 26, 33, 40, 48, 41, 34,
+   27, 20, 13,  6,  7, 14, 21, 28,
+   35, 42, 49, 56, 57, 50, 43, 36,
+   29, 22, 15, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51,
+   58, 59, 52, 45, 38, 31, 39, 46,
+   53, 60, 61, 54, 47, 55, 62, 63,
+   // let corrupt input sample past end
+   63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63,
+   63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63, 63
+};
+
+// decode one 64-entry block--
+static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block(stbi__jpeg *j, short data[64], stbi__huffman *hdc, stbi__huffman *hac, stbi__int16 *fac, int b, stbi__uint16 *dequant)
+{
+   int diff,dc,k;
+   int t;
+
+   if (j->code_bits < 16) stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(j);
+   t = stbi__jpeg_huff_decode(j, hdc);
+   if (t < 0 || t > 15) return stbi__err("bad huffman code","Corrupt JPEG");
+
+   // 0 all the ac values now so we can do it 32-bits at a time
+   memset(data,0,64*sizeof(data[0]));
+
+   diff = t ? stbi__extend_receive(j, t) : 0;
+   if (!stbi__addints_valid(j->img_comp[b].dc_pred, diff)) return stbi__err("bad delta","Corrupt JPEG");
+   dc = j->img_comp[b].dc_pred + diff;
+   j->img_comp[b].dc_pred = dc;
+   if (!stbi__mul2shorts_valid(dc, dequant[0])) return stbi__err("can't merge dc and ac", "Corrupt JPEG");
+   data[0] = (short) (dc * dequant[0]);
+
+   // decode AC components, see JPEG spec
+   k = 1;
+   do {
+      unsigned int zig;
+      int c,r,s;
+      if (j->code_bits < 16) stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(j);
+      c = (j->code_buffer >> (32 - FAST_BITS)) & ((1 << FAST_BITS)-1);
+      r = fac[c];
+      if (r) { // fast-AC path
+         k += (r >> 4) & 15; // run
+         s = r & 15; // combined length
+         if (s > j->code_bits) return stbi__err("bad huffman code", "Combined length longer than code bits available");
+         j->code_buffer <<= s;
+         j->code_bits -= s;
+         // decode into unzigzag'd location
+         zig = stbi__jpeg_dezigzag[k++];
+         data[zig] = (short) ((r >> 8) * dequant[zig]);
+      } else {
+         int rs = stbi__jpeg_huff_decode(j, hac);
+         if (rs < 0) return stbi__err("bad huffman code","Corrupt JPEG");
+         s = rs & 15;
+         r = rs >> 4;
+         if (s == 0) {
+            if (rs != 0xf0) break; // end block
+            k += 16;
+         } else {
+            k += r;
+            // decode into unzigzag'd location
+            zig = stbi__jpeg_dezigzag[k++];
+            data[zig] = (short) (stbi__extend_receive(j,s) * dequant[zig]);
+         }
+      }
+   } while (k < 64);
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_dc(stbi__jpeg *j, short data[64], stbi__huffman *hdc, int b)
+{
+   int diff,dc;
+   int t;
+   if (j->spec_end != 0) return stbi__err("can't merge dc and ac", "Corrupt JPEG");
+
+   if (j->code_bits < 16) stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(j);
+
+   if (j->succ_high == 0) {
+      // first scan for DC coefficient, must be first
+      memset(data,0,64*sizeof(data[0])); // 0 all the ac values now
+      t = stbi__jpeg_huff_decode(j, hdc);
+      if (t < 0 || t > 15) return stbi__err("can't merge dc and ac", "Corrupt JPEG");
+      diff = t ? stbi__extend_receive(j, t) : 0;
+
+      if (!stbi__addints_valid(j->img_comp[b].dc_pred, diff)) return stbi__err("bad delta", "Corrupt JPEG");
+      dc = j->img_comp[b].dc_pred + diff;
+      j->img_comp[b].dc_pred = dc;
+      if (!stbi__mul2shorts_valid(dc, 1 << j->succ_low)) return stbi__err("can't merge dc and ac", "Corrupt JPEG");
+      data[0] = (short) (dc * (1 << j->succ_low));
+   } else {
+      // refinement scan for DC coefficient
+      if (stbi__jpeg_get_bit(j))
+         data[0] += (short) (1 << j->succ_low);
+   }
+   return 1;
+}
+
+// @OPTIMIZE: store non-zigzagged during the decode passes,
+// and only de-zigzag when dequantizing
+static int stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_ac(stbi__jpeg *j, short data[64], stbi__huffman *hac, stbi__int16 *fac)
+{
+   int k;
+   if (j->spec_start == 0) return stbi__err("can't merge dc and ac", "Corrupt JPEG");
+
+   if (j->succ_high == 0) {
+      int shift = j->succ_low;
+
+      if (j->eob_run) {
+         --j->eob_run;
+         return 1;
+      }
+
+      k = j->spec_start;
+      do {
+         unsigned int zig;
+         int c,r,s;
+         if (j->code_bits < 16) stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(j);
+         c = (j->code_buffer >> (32 - FAST_BITS)) & ((1 << FAST_BITS)-1);
+         r = fac[c];
+         if (r) { // fast-AC path
+            k += (r >> 4) & 15; // run
+            s = r & 15; // combined length
+            if (s > j->code_bits) return stbi__err("bad huffman code", "Combined length longer than code bits available");
+            j->code_buffer <<= s;
+            j->code_bits -= s;
+            zig = stbi__jpeg_dezigzag[k++];
+            data[zig] = (short) ((r >> 8) * (1 << shift));
+         } else {
+            int rs = stbi__jpeg_huff_decode(j, hac);
+            if (rs < 0) return stbi__err("bad huffman code","Corrupt JPEG");
+            s = rs & 15;
+            r = rs >> 4;
+            if (s == 0) {
+               if (r < 15) {
+                  j->eob_run = (1 << r);
+                  if (r)
+                     j->eob_run += stbi__jpeg_get_bits(j, r);
+                  --j->eob_run;
+                  break;
+               }
+               k += 16;
+            } else {
+               k += r;
+               zig = stbi__jpeg_dezigzag[k++];
+               data[zig] = (short) (stbi__extend_receive(j,s) * (1 << shift));
+            }
+         }
+      } while (k <= j->spec_end);
+   } else {
+      // refinement scan for these AC coefficients
+
+      short bit = (short) (1 << j->succ_low);
+
+      if (j->eob_run) {
+         --j->eob_run;
+         for (k = j->spec_start; k <= j->spec_end; ++k) {
+            short *p = &data[stbi__jpeg_dezigzag[k]];
+            if (*p != 0)
+               if (stbi__jpeg_get_bit(j))
+                  if ((*p & bit)==0) {
+                     if (*p > 0)
+                        *p += bit;
+                     else
+                        *p -= bit;
+                  }
+         }
+      } else {
+         k = j->spec_start;
+         do {
+            int r,s;
+            int rs = stbi__jpeg_huff_decode(j, hac); // @OPTIMIZE see if we can use the fast path here, advance-by-r is so slow, eh
+            if (rs < 0) return stbi__err("bad huffman code","Corrupt JPEG");
+            s = rs & 15;
+            r = rs >> 4;
+            if (s == 0) {
+               if (r < 15) {
+                  j->eob_run = (1 << r) - 1;
+                  if (r)
+                     j->eob_run += stbi__jpeg_get_bits(j, r);
+                  r = 64; // force end of block
+               } else {
+                  // r=15 s=0 should write 16 0s, so we just do
+                  // a run of 15 0s and then write s (which is 0),
+                  // so we don't have to do anything special here
+               }
+            } else {
+               if (s != 1) return stbi__err("bad huffman code", "Corrupt JPEG");
+               // sign bit
+               if (stbi__jpeg_get_bit(j))
+                  s = bit;
+               else
+                  s = -bit;
+            }
+
+            // advance by r
+            while (k <= j->spec_end) {
+               short *p = &data[stbi__jpeg_dezigzag[k++]];
+               if (*p != 0) {
+                  if (stbi__jpeg_get_bit(j))
+                     if ((*p & bit)==0) {
+                        if (*p > 0)
+                           *p += bit;
+                        else
+                           *p -= bit;
+                     }
+               } else {
+                  if (r == 0) {
+                     *p = (short) s;
+                     break;
+                  }
+                  --r;
+               }
+            }
+         } while (k <= j->spec_end);
+      }
+   }
+   return 1;
+}
+
+// take a -128..127 value and stbi__clamp it and convert to 0..255
+stbi_inline static stbi_uc stbi__clamp(int x)
+{
+   // trick to use a single test to catch both cases
+   if ((unsigned int) x > 255) {
+      if (x < 0) return 0;
+      if (x > 255) return 255;
+   }
+   return (stbi_uc) x;
+}
+
+#define stbi__f2f(x)  ((int) (((x) * 4096 + 0.5)))
+#define stbi__fsh(x)  ((x) * 4096)
+
+// derived from jidctint -- DCT_ISLOW
+#define STBI__IDCT_1D(s0,s1,s2,s3,s4,s5,s6,s7) \
+   int t0,t1,t2,t3,p1,p2,p3,p4,p5,x0,x1,x2,x3; \
+   p2 = s2;                                    \
+   p3 = s6;                                    \
+   p1 = (p2+p3) * stbi__f2f(0.5411961f);       \
+   t2 = p1 + p3*stbi__f2f(-1.847759065f);      \
+   t3 = p1 + p2*stbi__f2f( 0.765366865f);      \
+   p2 = s0;                                    \
+   p3 = s4;                                    \
+   t0 = stbi__fsh(p2+p3);                      \
+   t1 = stbi__fsh(p2-p3);                      \
+   x0 = t0+t3;                                 \
+   x3 = t0-t3;                                 \
+   x1 = t1+t2;                                 \
+   x2 = t1-t2;                                 \
+   t0 = s7;                                    \
+   t1 = s5;                                    \
+   t2 = s3;                                    \
+   t3 = s1;                                    \
+   p3 = t0+t2;                                 \
+   p4 = t1+t3;                                 \
+   p1 = t0+t3;                                 \
+   p2 = t1+t2;                                 \
+   p5 = (p3+p4)*stbi__f2f( 1.175875602f);      \
+   t0 = t0*stbi__f2f( 0.298631336f);           \
+   t1 = t1*stbi__f2f( 2.053119869f);           \
+   t2 = t2*stbi__f2f( 3.072711026f);           \
+   t3 = t3*stbi__f2f( 1.501321110f);           \
+   p1 = p5 + p1*stbi__f2f(-0.899976223f);      \
+   p2 = p5 + p2*stbi__f2f(-2.562915447f);      \
+   p3 = p3*stbi__f2f(-1.961570560f);           \
+   p4 = p4*stbi__f2f(-0.390180644f);           \
+   t3 += p1+p4;                                \
+   t2 += p2+p3;                                \
+   t1 += p2+p4;                                \
+   t0 += p1+p3;
+
+static void stbi__idct_block(stbi_uc *out, int out_stride, short data[64])
+{
+   int i,val[64],*v=val;
+   stbi_uc *o;
+   short *d = data;
+
+   // columns
+   for (i=0; i < 8; ++i,++d, ++v) {
+      // if all zeroes, shortcut -- this avoids dequantizing 0s and IDCTing
+      if (d[ 8]==0 && d[16]==0 && d[24]==0 && d[32]==0
+           && d[40]==0 && d[48]==0 && d[56]==0) {
+         //    no shortcut                 0     seconds
+         //    (1|2|3|4|5|6|7)==0          0     seconds
+         //    all separate               -0.047 seconds
+         //    1 && 2|3 && 4|5 && 6|7:    -0.047 seconds
+         int dcterm = d[0]*4;
+         v[0] = v[8] = v[16] = v[24] = v[32] = v[40] = v[48] = v[56] = dcterm;
+      } else {
+         STBI__IDCT_1D(d[ 0],d[ 8],d[16],d[24],d[32],d[40],d[48],d[56])
+         // constants scaled things up by 1<<12; let's bring them back
+         // down, but keep 2 extra bits of precision
+         x0 += 512; x1 += 512; x2 += 512; x3 += 512;
+         v[ 0] = (x0+t3) >> 10;
+         v[56] = (x0-t3) >> 10;
+         v[ 8] = (x1+t2) >> 10;
+         v[48] = (x1-t2) >> 10;
+         v[16] = (x2+t1) >> 10;
+         v[40] = (x2-t1) >> 10;
+         v[24] = (x3+t0) >> 10;
+         v[32] = (x3-t0) >> 10;
+      }
+   }
+
+   for (i=0, v=val, o=out; i < 8; ++i,v+=8,o+=out_stride) {
+      // no fast case since the first 1D IDCT spread components out
+      STBI__IDCT_1D(v[0],v[1],v[2],v[3],v[4],v[5],v[6],v[7])
+      // constants scaled things up by 1<<12, plus we had 1<<2 from first
+      // loop, plus horizontal and vertical each scale by sqrt(8) so together
+      // we've got an extra 1<<3, so 1<<17 total we need to remove.
+      // so we want to round that, which means adding 0.5 * 1<<17,
+      // aka 65536. Also, we'll end up with -128 to 127 that we want
+      // to encode as 0..255 by adding 128, so we'll add that before the shift
+      x0 += 65536 + (128<<17);
+      x1 += 65536 + (128<<17);
+      x2 += 65536 + (128<<17);
+      x3 += 65536 + (128<<17);
+      // tried computing the shifts into temps, or'ing the temps to see
+      // if any were out of range, but that was slower
+      o[0] = stbi__clamp((x0+t3) >> 17);
+      o[7] = stbi__clamp((x0-t3) >> 17);
+      o[1] = stbi__clamp((x1+t2) >> 17);
+      o[6] = stbi__clamp((x1-t2) >> 17);
+      o[2] = stbi__clamp((x2+t1) >> 17);
+      o[5] = stbi__clamp((x2-t1) >> 17);
+      o[3] = stbi__clamp((x3+t0) >> 17);
+      o[4] = stbi__clamp((x3-t0) >> 17);
+   }
+}
+
+#ifdef STBI_SSE2
+// sse2 integer IDCT. not the fastest possible implementation but it
+// produces bit-identical results to the generic C version so it's
+// fully "transparent".
+static void stbi__idct_simd(stbi_uc *out, int out_stride, short data[64])
+{
+   // This is constructed to match our regular (generic) integer IDCT exactly.
+   __m128i row0, row1, row2, row3, row4, row5, row6, row7;
+   __m128i tmp;
+
+   // dot product constant: even elems=x, odd elems=y
+   #define dct_const(x,y)  _mm_setr_epi16((x),(y),(x),(y),(x),(y),(x),(y))
+
+   // out(0) = c0[even]*x + c0[odd]*y   (c0, x, y 16-bit, out 32-bit)
+   // out(1) = c1[even]*x + c1[odd]*y
+   #define dct_rot(out0,out1, x,y,c0,c1) \
+      __m128i c0##lo = _mm_unpacklo_epi16((x),(y)); \
+      __m128i c0##hi = _mm_unpackhi_epi16((x),(y)); \
+      __m128i out0##_l = _mm_madd_epi16(c0##lo, c0); \
+      __m128i out0##_h = _mm_madd_epi16(c0##hi, c0); \
+      __m128i out1##_l = _mm_madd_epi16(c0##lo, c1); \
+      __m128i out1##_h = _mm_madd_epi16(c0##hi, c1)
+
+   // out = in << 12  (in 16-bit, out 32-bit)
+   #define dct_widen(out, in) \
+      __m128i out##_l = _mm_srai_epi32(_mm_unpacklo_epi16(_mm_setzero_si128(), (in)), 4); \
+      __m128i out##_h = _mm_srai_epi32(_mm_unpackhi_epi16(_mm_setzero_si128(), (in)), 4)
+
+   // wide add
+   #define dct_wadd(out, a, b) \
+      __m128i out##_l = _mm_add_epi32(a##_l, b##_l); \
+      __m128i out##_h = _mm_add_epi32(a##_h, b##_h)
+
+   // wide sub
+   #define dct_wsub(out, a, b) \
+      __m128i out##_l = _mm_sub_epi32(a##_l, b##_l); \
+      __m128i out##_h = _mm_sub_epi32(a##_h, b##_h)
+
+   // butterfly a/b, add bias, then shift by "s" and pack
+   #define dct_bfly32o(out0, out1, a,b,bias,s) \
+      { \
+         __m128i abiased_l = _mm_add_epi32(a##_l, bias); \
+         __m128i abiased_h = _mm_add_epi32(a##_h, bias); \
+         dct_wadd(sum, abiased, b); \
+         dct_wsub(dif, abiased, b); \
+         out0 = _mm_packs_epi32(_mm_srai_epi32(sum_l, s), _mm_srai_epi32(sum_h, s)); \
+         out1 = _mm_packs_epi32(_mm_srai_epi32(dif_l, s), _mm_srai_epi32(dif_h, s)); \
+      }
+
+   // 8-bit interleave step (for transposes)
+   #define dct_interleave8(a, b) \
+      tmp = a; \
+      a = _mm_unpacklo_epi8(a, b); \
+      b = _mm_unpackhi_epi8(tmp, b)
+
+   // 16-bit interleave step (for transposes)
+   #define dct_interleave16(a, b) \
+      tmp = a; \
+      a = _mm_unpacklo_epi16(a, b); \
+      b = _mm_unpackhi_epi16(tmp, b)
+
+   #define dct_pass(bias,shift) \
+      { \
+         /* even part */ \
+         dct_rot(t2e,t3e, row2,row6, rot0_0,rot0_1); \
+         __m128i sum04 = _mm_add_epi16(row0, row4); \
+         __m128i dif04 = _mm_sub_epi16(row0, row4); \
+         dct_widen(t0e, sum04); \
+         dct_widen(t1e, dif04); \
+         dct_wadd(x0, t0e, t3e); \
+         dct_wsub(x3, t0e, t3e); \
+         dct_wadd(x1, t1e, t2e); \
+         dct_wsub(x2, t1e, t2e); \
+         /* odd part */ \
+         dct_rot(y0o,y2o, row7,row3, rot2_0,rot2_1); \
+         dct_rot(y1o,y3o, row5,row1, rot3_0,rot3_1); \
+         __m128i sum17 = _mm_add_epi16(row1, row7); \
+         __m128i sum35 = _mm_add_epi16(row3, row5); \
+         dct_rot(y4o,y5o, sum17,sum35, rot1_0,rot1_1); \
+         dct_wadd(x4, y0o, y4o); \
+         dct_wadd(x5, y1o, y5o); \
+         dct_wadd(x6, y2o, y5o); \
+         dct_wadd(x7, y3o, y4o); \
+         dct_bfly32o(row0,row7, x0,x7,bias,shift); \
+         dct_bfly32o(row1,row6, x1,x6,bias,shift); \
+         dct_bfly32o(row2,row5, x2,x5,bias,shift); \
+         dct_bfly32o(row3,row4, x3,x4,bias,shift); \
+      }
+
+   __m128i rot0_0 = dct_const(stbi__f2f(0.5411961f), stbi__f2f(0.5411961f) + stbi__f2f(-1.847759065f));
+   __m128i rot0_1 = dct_const(stbi__f2f(0.5411961f) + stbi__f2f( 0.765366865f), stbi__f2f(0.5411961f));
+   __m128i rot1_0 = dct_const(stbi__f2f(1.175875602f) + stbi__f2f(-0.899976223f), stbi__f2f(1.175875602f));
+   __m128i rot1_1 = dct_const(stbi__f2f(1.175875602f), stbi__f2f(1.175875602f) + stbi__f2f(-2.562915447f));
+   __m128i rot2_0 = dct_const(stbi__f2f(-1.961570560f) + stbi__f2f( 0.298631336f), stbi__f2f(-1.961570560f));
+   __m128i rot2_1 = dct_const(stbi__f2f(-1.961570560f), stbi__f2f(-1.961570560f) + stbi__f2f( 3.072711026f));
+   __m128i rot3_0 = dct_const(stbi__f2f(-0.390180644f) + stbi__f2f( 2.053119869f), stbi__f2f(-0.390180644f));
+   __m128i rot3_1 = dct_const(stbi__f2f(-0.390180644f), stbi__f2f(-0.390180644f) + stbi__f2f( 1.501321110f));
+
+   // rounding biases in column/row passes, see stbi__idct_block for explanation.
+   __m128i bias_0 = _mm_set1_epi32(512);
+   __m128i bias_1 = _mm_set1_epi32(65536 + (128<<17));
+
+   // load
+   row0 = _mm_load_si128((const __m128i *) (data + 0*8));
+   row1 = _mm_load_si128((const __m128i *) (data + 1*8));
+   row2 = _mm_load_si128((const __m128i *) (data + 2*8));
+   row3 = _mm_load_si128((const __m128i *) (data + 3*8));
+   row4 = _mm_load_si128((const __m128i *) (data + 4*8));
+   row5 = _mm_load_si128((const __m128i *) (data + 5*8));
+   row6 = _mm_load_si128((const __m128i *) (data + 6*8));
+   row7 = _mm_load_si128((const __m128i *) (data + 7*8));
+
+   // column pass
+   dct_pass(bias_0, 10);
+
+   {
+      // 16bit 8x8 transpose pass 1
+      dct_interleave16(row0, row4);
+      dct_interleave16(row1, row5);
+      dct_interleave16(row2, row6);
+      dct_interleave16(row3, row7);
+
+      // transpose pass 2
+      dct_interleave16(row0, row2);
+      dct_interleave16(row1, row3);
+      dct_interleave16(row4, row6);
+      dct_interleave16(row5, row7);
+
+      // transpose pass 3
+      dct_interleave16(row0, row1);
+      dct_interleave16(row2, row3);
+      dct_interleave16(row4, row5);
+      dct_interleave16(row6, row7);
+   }
+
+   // row pass
+   dct_pass(bias_1, 17);
+
+   {
+      // pack
+      __m128i p0 = _mm_packus_epi16(row0, row1); // a0a1a2a3...a7b0b1b2b3...b7
+      __m128i p1 = _mm_packus_epi16(row2, row3);
+      __m128i p2 = _mm_packus_epi16(row4, row5);
+      __m128i p3 = _mm_packus_epi16(row6, row7);
+
+      // 8bit 8x8 transpose pass 1
+      dct_interleave8(p0, p2); // a0e0a1e1...
+      dct_interleave8(p1, p3); // c0g0c1g1...
+
+      // transpose pass 2
+      dct_interleave8(p0, p1); // a0c0e0g0...
+      dct_interleave8(p2, p3); // b0d0f0h0...
+
+      // transpose pass 3
+      dct_interleave8(p0, p2); // a0b0c0d0...
+      dct_interleave8(p1, p3); // a4b4c4d4...
+
+      // store
+      _mm_storel_epi64((__m128i *) out, p0); out += out_stride;
+      _mm_storel_epi64((__m128i *) out, _mm_shuffle_epi32(p0, 0x4e)); out += out_stride;
+      _mm_storel_epi64((__m128i *) out, p2); out += out_stride;
+      _mm_storel_epi64((__m128i *) out, _mm_shuffle_epi32(p2, 0x4e)); out += out_stride;
+      _mm_storel_epi64((__m128i *) out, p1); out += out_stride;
+      _mm_storel_epi64((__m128i *) out, _mm_shuffle_epi32(p1, 0x4e)); out += out_stride;
+      _mm_storel_epi64((__m128i *) out, p3); out += out_stride;
+      _mm_storel_epi64((__m128i *) out, _mm_shuffle_epi32(p3, 0x4e));
+   }
+
+#undef dct_const
+#undef dct_rot
+#undef dct_widen
+#undef dct_wadd
+#undef dct_wsub
+#undef dct_bfly32o
+#undef dct_interleave8
+#undef dct_interleave16
+#undef dct_pass
+}
+
+#endif // STBI_SSE2
+
+#ifdef STBI_NEON
+
+// NEON integer IDCT. should produce bit-identical
+// results to the generic C version.
+static void stbi__idct_simd(stbi_uc *out, int out_stride, short data[64])
+{
+   int16x8_t row0, row1, row2, row3, row4, row5, row6, row7;
+
+   int16x4_t rot0_0 = vdup_n_s16(stbi__f2f(0.5411961f));
+   int16x4_t rot0_1 = vdup_n_s16(stbi__f2f(-1.847759065f));
+   int16x4_t rot0_2 = vdup_n_s16(stbi__f2f( 0.765366865f));
+   int16x4_t rot1_0 = vdup_n_s16(stbi__f2f( 1.175875602f));
+   int16x4_t rot1_1 = vdup_n_s16(stbi__f2f(-0.899976223f));
+   int16x4_t rot1_2 = vdup_n_s16(stbi__f2f(-2.562915447f));
+   int16x4_t rot2_0 = vdup_n_s16(stbi__f2f(-1.961570560f));
+   int16x4_t rot2_1 = vdup_n_s16(stbi__f2f(-0.390180644f));
+   int16x4_t rot3_0 = vdup_n_s16(stbi__f2f( 0.298631336f));
+   int16x4_t rot3_1 = vdup_n_s16(stbi__f2f( 2.053119869f));
+   int16x4_t rot3_2 = vdup_n_s16(stbi__f2f( 3.072711026f));
+   int16x4_t rot3_3 = vdup_n_s16(stbi__f2f( 1.501321110f));
+
+#define dct_long_mul(out, inq, coeff) \
+   int32x4_t out##_l = vmull_s16(vget_low_s16(inq), coeff); \
+   int32x4_t out##_h = vmull_s16(vget_high_s16(inq), coeff)
+
+#define dct_long_mac(out, acc, inq, coeff) \
+   int32x4_t out##_l = vmlal_s16(acc##_l, vget_low_s16(inq), coeff); \
+   int32x4_t out##_h = vmlal_s16(acc##_h, vget_high_s16(inq), coeff)
+
+#define dct_widen(out, inq) \
+   int32x4_t out##_l = vshll_n_s16(vget_low_s16(inq), 12); \
+   int32x4_t out##_h = vshll_n_s16(vget_high_s16(inq), 12)
+
+// wide add
+#define dct_wadd(out, a, b) \
+   int32x4_t out##_l = vaddq_s32(a##_l, b##_l); \
+   int32x4_t out##_h = vaddq_s32(a##_h, b##_h)
+
+// wide sub
+#define dct_wsub(out, a, b) \
+   int32x4_t out##_l = vsubq_s32(a##_l, b##_l); \
+   int32x4_t out##_h = vsubq_s32(a##_h, b##_h)
+
+// butterfly a/b, then shift using "shiftop" by "s" and pack
+#define dct_bfly32o(out0,out1, a,b,shiftop,s) \
+   { \
+      dct_wadd(sum, a, b); \
+      dct_wsub(dif, a, b); \
+      out0 = vcombine_s16(shiftop(sum_l, s), shiftop(sum_h, s)); \
+      out1 = vcombine_s16(shiftop(dif_l, s), shiftop(dif_h, s)); \
+   }
+
+#define dct_pass(shiftop, shift) \
+   { \
+      /* even part */ \
+      int16x8_t sum26 = vaddq_s16(row2, row6); \
+      dct_long_mul(p1e, sum26, rot0_0); \
+      dct_long_mac(t2e, p1e, row6, rot0_1); \
+      dct_long_mac(t3e, p1e, row2, rot0_2); \
+      int16x8_t sum04 = vaddq_s16(row0, row4); \
+      int16x8_t dif04 = vsubq_s16(row0, row4); \
+      dct_widen(t0e, sum04); \
+      dct_widen(t1e, dif04); \
+      dct_wadd(x0, t0e, t3e); \
+      dct_wsub(x3, t0e, t3e); \
+      dct_wadd(x1, t1e, t2e); \
+      dct_wsub(x2, t1e, t2e); \
+      /* odd part */ \
+      int16x8_t sum15 = vaddq_s16(row1, row5); \
+      int16x8_t sum17 = vaddq_s16(row1, row7); \
+      int16x8_t sum35 = vaddq_s16(row3, row5); \
+      int16x8_t sum37 = vaddq_s16(row3, row7); \
+      int16x8_t sumodd = vaddq_s16(sum17, sum35); \
+      dct_long_mul(p5o, sumodd, rot1_0); \
+      dct_long_mac(p1o, p5o, sum17, rot1_1); \
+      dct_long_mac(p2o, p5o, sum35, rot1_2); \
+      dct_long_mul(p3o, sum37, rot2_0); \
+      dct_long_mul(p4o, sum15, rot2_1); \
+      dct_wadd(sump13o, p1o, p3o); \
+      dct_wadd(sump24o, p2o, p4o); \
+      dct_wadd(sump23o, p2o, p3o); \
+      dct_wadd(sump14o, p1o, p4o); \
+      dct_long_mac(x4, sump13o, row7, rot3_0); \
+      dct_long_mac(x5, sump24o, row5, rot3_1); \
+      dct_long_mac(x6, sump23o, row3, rot3_2); \
+      dct_long_mac(x7, sump14o, row1, rot3_3); \
+      dct_bfly32o(row0,row7, x0,x7,shiftop,shift); \
+      dct_bfly32o(row1,row6, x1,x6,shiftop,shift); \
+      dct_bfly32o(row2,row5, x2,x5,shiftop,shift); \
+      dct_bfly32o(row3,row4, x3,x4,shiftop,shift); \
+   }
+
+   // load
+   row0 = vld1q_s16(data + 0*8);
+   row1 = vld1q_s16(data + 1*8);
+   row2 = vld1q_s16(data + 2*8);
+   row3 = vld1q_s16(data + 3*8);
+   row4 = vld1q_s16(data + 4*8);
+   row5 = vld1q_s16(data + 5*8);
+   row6 = vld1q_s16(data + 6*8);
+   row7 = vld1q_s16(data + 7*8);
+
+   // add DC bias
+   row0 = vaddq_s16(row0, vsetq_lane_s16(1024, vdupq_n_s16(0), 0));
+
+   // column pass
+   dct_pass(vrshrn_n_s32, 10);
+
+   // 16bit 8x8 transpose
+   {
+// these three map to a single VTRN.16, VTRN.32, and VSWP, respectively.
+// whether compilers actually get this is another story, sadly.
+#define dct_trn16(x, y) { int16x8x2_t t = vtrnq_s16(x, y); x = t.val[0]; y = t.val[1]; }
+#define dct_trn32(x, y) { int32x4x2_t t = vtrnq_s32(vreinterpretq_s32_s16(x), vreinterpretq_s32_s16(y)); x = vreinterpretq_s16_s32(t.val[0]); y = vreinterpretq_s16_s32(t.val[1]); }
+#define dct_trn64(x, y) { int16x8_t x0 = x; int16x8_t y0 = y; x = vcombine_s16(vget_low_s16(x0), vget_low_s16(y0)); y = vcombine_s16(vget_high_s16(x0), vget_high_s16(y0)); }
+
+      // pass 1
+      dct_trn16(row0, row1); // a0b0a2b2a4b4a6b6
+      dct_trn16(row2, row3);
+      dct_trn16(row4, row5);
+      dct_trn16(row6, row7);
+
+      // pass 2
+      dct_trn32(row0, row2); // a0b0c0d0a4b4c4d4
+      dct_trn32(row1, row3);
+      dct_trn32(row4, row6);
+      dct_trn32(row5, row7);
+
+      // pass 3
+      dct_trn64(row0, row4); // a0b0c0d0e0f0g0h0
+      dct_trn64(row1, row5);
+      dct_trn64(row2, row6);
+      dct_trn64(row3, row7);
+
+#undef dct_trn16
+#undef dct_trn32
+#undef dct_trn64
+   }
+
+   // row pass
+   // vrshrn_n_s32 only supports shifts up to 16, we need
+   // 17. so do a non-rounding shift of 16 first then follow
+   // up with a rounding shift by 1.
+   dct_pass(vshrn_n_s32, 16);
+
+   {
+      // pack and round
+      uint8x8_t p0 = vqrshrun_n_s16(row0, 1);
+      uint8x8_t p1 = vqrshrun_n_s16(row1, 1);
+      uint8x8_t p2 = vqrshrun_n_s16(row2, 1);
+      uint8x8_t p3 = vqrshrun_n_s16(row3, 1);
+      uint8x8_t p4 = vqrshrun_n_s16(row4, 1);
+      uint8x8_t p5 = vqrshrun_n_s16(row5, 1);
+      uint8x8_t p6 = vqrshrun_n_s16(row6, 1);
+      uint8x8_t p7 = vqrshrun_n_s16(row7, 1);
+
+      // again, these can translate into one instruction, but often don't.
+#define dct_trn8_8(x, y) { uint8x8x2_t t = vtrn_u8(x, y); x = t.val[0]; y = t.val[1]; }
+#define dct_trn8_16(x, y) { uint16x4x2_t t = vtrn_u16(vreinterpret_u16_u8(x), vreinterpret_u16_u8(y)); x = vreinterpret_u8_u16(t.val[0]); y = vreinterpret_u8_u16(t.val[1]); }
+#define dct_trn8_32(x, y) { uint32x2x2_t t = vtrn_u32(vreinterpret_u32_u8(x), vreinterpret_u32_u8(y)); x = vreinterpret_u8_u32(t.val[0]); y = vreinterpret_u8_u32(t.val[1]); }
+
+      // sadly can't use interleaved stores here since we only write
+      // 8 bytes to each scan line!
+
+      // 8x8 8-bit transpose pass 1
+      dct_trn8_8(p0, p1);
+      dct_trn8_8(p2, p3);
+      dct_trn8_8(p4, p5);
+      dct_trn8_8(p6, p7);
+
+      // pass 2
+      dct_trn8_16(p0, p2);
+      dct_trn8_16(p1, p3);
+      dct_trn8_16(p4, p6);
+      dct_trn8_16(p5, p7);
+
+      // pass 3
+      dct_trn8_32(p0, p4);
+      dct_trn8_32(p1, p5);
+      dct_trn8_32(p2, p6);
+      dct_trn8_32(p3, p7);
+
+      // store
+      vst1_u8(out, p0); out += out_stride;
+      vst1_u8(out, p1); out += out_stride;
+      vst1_u8(out, p2); out += out_stride;
+      vst1_u8(out, p3); out += out_stride;
+      vst1_u8(out, p4); out += out_stride;
+      vst1_u8(out, p5); out += out_stride;
+      vst1_u8(out, p6); out += out_stride;
+      vst1_u8(out, p7);
+
+#undef dct_trn8_8
+#undef dct_trn8_16
+#undef dct_trn8_32
+   }
+
+#undef dct_long_mul
+#undef dct_long_mac
+#undef dct_widen
+#undef dct_wadd
+#undef dct_wsub
+#undef dct_bfly32o
+#undef dct_pass
+}
+
+#endif // STBI_NEON
+
+#define STBI__MARKER_none  0xff
+// if there's a pending marker from the entropy stream, return that
+// otherwise, fetch from the stream and get a marker. if there's no
+// marker, return 0xff, which is never a valid marker value
+static stbi_uc stbi__get_marker(stbi__jpeg *j)
+{
+   stbi_uc x;
+   if (j->marker != STBI__MARKER_none) { x = j->marker; j->marker = STBI__MARKER_none; return x; }
+   x = stbi__get8(j->s);
+   if (x != 0xff) return STBI__MARKER_none;
+   while (x == 0xff)
+      x = stbi__get8(j->s); // consume repeated 0xff fill bytes
+   return x;
+}
+
+// in each scan, we'll have scan_n components, and the order
+// of the components is specified by order[]
+#define STBI__RESTART(x)     ((x) >= 0xd0 && (x) <= 0xd7)
+
+// after a restart interval, stbi__jpeg_reset the entropy decoder and
+// the dc prediction
+static void stbi__jpeg_reset(stbi__jpeg *j)
+{
+   j->code_bits = 0;
+   j->code_buffer = 0;
+   j->nomore = 0;
+   j->img_comp[0].dc_pred = j->img_comp[1].dc_pred = j->img_comp[2].dc_pred = j->img_comp[3].dc_pred = 0;
+   j->marker = STBI__MARKER_none;
+   j->todo = j->restart_interval ? j->restart_interval : 0x7fffffff;
+   j->eob_run = 0;
+   // no more than 1<<31 MCUs if no restart_interal? that's plenty safe,
+   // since we don't even allow 1<<30 pixels
+}
+
+static int stbi__parse_entropy_coded_data(stbi__jpeg *z)
+{
+   stbi__jpeg_reset(z);
+   if (!z->progressive) {
+      if (z->scan_n == 1) {
+         int i,j;
+         STBI_SIMD_ALIGN(short, data[64]);
+         int n = z->order[0];
+         // non-interleaved data, we just need to process one block at a time,
+         // in trivial scanline order
+         // number of blocks to do just depends on how many actual "pixels" this
+         // component has, independent of interleaved MCU blocking and such
+         int w = (z->img_comp[n].x+7) >> 3;
+         int h = (z->img_comp[n].y+7) >> 3;
+         for (j=0; j < h; ++j) {
+            for (i=0; i < w; ++i) {
+               int ha = z->img_comp[n].ha;
+               if (!stbi__jpeg_decode_block(z, data, z->huff_dc+z->img_comp[n].hd, z->huff_ac+ha, z->fast_ac[ha], n, z->dequant[z->img_comp[n].tq])) return 0;
+               z->idct_block_kernel(z->img_comp[n].data+z->img_comp[n].w2*j*8+i*8, z->img_comp[n].w2, data);
+               // every data block is an MCU, so countdown the restart interval
+               if (--z->todo <= 0) {
+                  if (z->code_bits < 24) stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(z);
+                  // if it's NOT a restart, then just bail, so we get corrupt data
+                  // rather than no data
+                  if (!STBI__RESTART(z->marker)) return 1;
+                  stbi__jpeg_reset(z);
+               }
+            }
+         }
+         return 1;
+      } else { // interleaved
+         int i,j,k,x,y;
+         STBI_SIMD_ALIGN(short, data[64]);
+         for (j=0; j < z->img_mcu_y; ++j) {
+            for (i=0; i < z->img_mcu_x; ++i) {
+               // scan an interleaved mcu... process scan_n components in order
+               for (k=0; k < z->scan_n; ++k) {
+                  int n = z->order[k];
+                  // scan out an mcu's worth of this component; that's just determined
+                  // by the basic H and V specified for the component
+                  for (y=0; y < z->img_comp[n].v; ++y) {
+                     for (x=0; x < z->img_comp[n].h; ++x) {
+                        int x2 = (i*z->img_comp[n].h + x)*8;
+                        int y2 = (j*z->img_comp[n].v + y)*8;
+                        int ha = z->img_comp[n].ha;
+                        if (!stbi__jpeg_decode_block(z, data, z->huff_dc+z->img_comp[n].hd, z->huff_ac+ha, z->fast_ac[ha], n, z->dequant[z->img_comp[n].tq])) return 0;
+                        z->idct_block_kernel(z->img_comp[n].data+z->img_comp[n].w2*y2+x2, z->img_comp[n].w2, data);
+                     }
+                  }
+               }
+               // after all interleaved components, that's an interleaved MCU,
+               // so now count down the restart interval
+               if (--z->todo <= 0) {
+                  if (z->code_bits < 24) stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(z);
+                  if (!STBI__RESTART(z->marker)) return 1;
+                  stbi__jpeg_reset(z);
+               }
+            }
+         }
+         return 1;
+      }
+   } else {
+      if (z->scan_n == 1) {
+         int i,j;
+         int n = z->order[0];
+         // non-interleaved data, we just need to process one block at a time,
+         // in trivial scanline order
+         // number of blocks to do just depends on how many actual "pixels" this
+         // component has, independent of interleaved MCU blocking and such
+         int w = (z->img_comp[n].x+7) >> 3;
+         int h = (z->img_comp[n].y+7) >> 3;
+         for (j=0; j < h; ++j) {
+            for (i=0; i < w; ++i) {
+               short *data = z->img_comp[n].coeff + 64 * (i + j * z->img_comp[n].coeff_w);
+               if (z->spec_start == 0) {
+                  if (!stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_dc(z, data, &z->huff_dc[z->img_comp[n].hd], n))
+                     return 0;
+               } else {
+                  int ha = z->img_comp[n].ha;
+                  if (!stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_ac(z, data, &z->huff_ac[ha], z->fast_ac[ha]))
+                     return 0;
+               }
+               // every data block is an MCU, so countdown the restart interval
+               if (--z->todo <= 0) {
+                  if (z->code_bits < 24) stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(z);
+                  if (!STBI__RESTART(z->marker)) return 1;
+                  stbi__jpeg_reset(z);
+               }
+            }
+         }
+         return 1;
+      } else { // interleaved
+         int i,j,k,x,y;
+         for (j=0; j < z->img_mcu_y; ++j) {
+            for (i=0; i < z->img_mcu_x; ++i) {
+               // scan an interleaved mcu... process scan_n components in order
+               for (k=0; k < z->scan_n; ++k) {
+                  int n = z->order[k];
+                  // scan out an mcu's worth of this component; that's just determined
+                  // by the basic H and V specified for the component
+                  for (y=0; y < z->img_comp[n].v; ++y) {
+                     for (x=0; x < z->img_comp[n].h; ++x) {
+                        int x2 = (i*z->img_comp[n].h + x);
+                        int y2 = (j*z->img_comp[n].v + y);
+                        short *data = z->img_comp[n].coeff + 64 * (x2 + y2 * z->img_comp[n].coeff_w);
+                        if (!stbi__jpeg_decode_block_prog_dc(z, data, &z->huff_dc[z->img_comp[n].hd], n))
+                           return 0;
+                     }
+                  }
+               }
+               // after all interleaved components, that's an interleaved MCU,
+               // so now count down the restart interval
+               if (--z->todo <= 0) {
+                  if (z->code_bits < 24) stbi__grow_buffer_unsafe(z);
+                  if (!STBI__RESTART(z->marker)) return 1;
+                  stbi__jpeg_reset(z);
+               }
+            }
+         }
+         return 1;
+      }
+   }
+}
+
+static void stbi__jpeg_dequantize(short *data, stbi__uint16 *dequant)
+{
+   int i;
+   for (i=0; i < 64; ++i)
+      data[i] *= dequant[i];
+}
+
+static void stbi__jpeg_finish(stbi__jpeg *z)
+{
+   if (z->progressive) {
+      // dequantize and idct the data
+      int i,j,n;
+      for (n=0; n < z->s->img_n; ++n) {
+         int w = (z->img_comp[n].x+7) >> 3;
+         int h = (z->img_comp[n].y+7) >> 3;
+         for (j=0; j < h; ++j) {
+            for (i=0; i < w; ++i) {
+               short *data = z->img_comp[n].coeff + 64 * (i + j * z->img_comp[n].coeff_w);
+               stbi__jpeg_dequantize(data, z->dequant[z->img_comp[n].tq]);
+               z->idct_block_kernel(z->img_comp[n].data+z->img_comp[n].w2*j*8+i*8, z->img_comp[n].w2, data);
+            }
+         }
+      }
+   }
+}
+
+static int stbi__process_marker(stbi__jpeg *z, int m)
+{
+   int L;
+   switch (m) {
+      case STBI__MARKER_none: // no marker found
+         return stbi__err("expected marker","Corrupt JPEG");
+
+      case 0xDD: // DRI - specify restart interval
+         if (stbi__get16be(z->s) != 4) return stbi__err("bad DRI len","Corrupt JPEG");
+         z->restart_interval = stbi__get16be(z->s);
+         return 1;
+
+      case 0xDB: // DQT - define quantization table
+         L = stbi__get16be(z->s)-2;
+         while (L > 0) {
+            int q = stbi__get8(z->s);
+            int p = q >> 4, sixteen = (p != 0);
+            int t = q & 15,i;
+            if (p != 0 && p != 1) return stbi__err("bad DQT type","Corrupt JPEG");
+            if (t > 3) return stbi__err("bad DQT table","Corrupt JPEG");
+
+            for (i=0; i < 64; ++i)
+               z->dequant[t][stbi__jpeg_dezigzag[i]] = (stbi__uint16)(sixteen ? stbi__get16be(z->s) : stbi__get8(z->s));
+            L -= (sixteen ? 129 : 65);
+         }
+         return L==0;
+
+      case 0xC4: // DHT - define huffman table
+         L = stbi__get16be(z->s)-2;
+         while (L > 0) {
+            stbi_uc *v;
+            int sizes[16],i,n=0;
+            int q = stbi__get8(z->s);
+            int tc = q >> 4;
+            int th = q & 15;
+            if (tc > 1 || th > 3) return stbi__err("bad DHT header","Corrupt JPEG");
+            for (i=0; i < 16; ++i) {
+               sizes[i] = stbi__get8(z->s);
+               n += sizes[i];
+            }
+            if(n > 256) return stbi__err("bad DHT header","Corrupt JPEG"); // Loop over i < n would write past end of values!
+            L -= 17;
+            if (tc == 0) {
+               if (!stbi__build_huffman(z->huff_dc+th, sizes)) return 0;
+               v = z->huff_dc[th].values;
+            } else {
+               if (!stbi__build_huffman(z->huff_ac+th, sizes)) return 0;
+               v = z->huff_ac[th].values;
+            }
+            for (i=0; i < n; ++i)
+               v[i] = stbi__get8(z->s);
+            if (tc != 0)
+               stbi__build_fast_ac(z->fast_ac[th], z->huff_ac + th);
+            L -= n;
+         }
+         return L==0;
+   }
+
+   // check for comment block or APP blocks
+   if ((m >= 0xE0 && m <= 0xEF) || m == 0xFE) {
+      L = stbi__get16be(z->s);
+      if (L < 2) {
+         if (m == 0xFE)
+            return stbi__err("bad COM len","Corrupt JPEG");
+         else
+            return stbi__err("bad APP len","Corrupt JPEG");
+      }
+      L -= 2;
+
+      if (m == 0xE0 && L >= 5) { // JFIF APP0 segment
+         static const unsigned char tag[5] = {'J','F','I','F','\0'};
+         int ok = 1;
+         int i;
+         for (i=0; i < 5; ++i)
+            if (stbi__get8(z->s) != tag[i])
+               ok = 0;
+         L -= 5;
+         if (ok)
+            z->jfif = 1;
+      } else if (m == 0xEE && L >= 12) { // Adobe APP14 segment
+         static const unsigned char tag[6] = {'A','d','o','b','e','\0'};
+         int ok = 1;
+         int i;
+         for (i=0; i < 6; ++i)
+            if (stbi__get8(z->s) != tag[i])
+               ok = 0;
+         L -= 6;
+         if (ok) {
+            stbi__get8(z->s); // version
+            stbi__get16be(z->s); // flags0
+            stbi__get16be(z->s); // flags1
+            z->app14_color_transform = stbi__get8(z->s); // color transform
+            L -= 6;
+         }
+      }
+
+      stbi__skip(z->s, L);
+      return 1;
+   }
+
+   return stbi__err("unknown marker","Corrupt JPEG");
+}
+
+// after we see SOS
+static int stbi__process_scan_header(stbi__jpeg *z)
+{
+   int i;
+   int Ls = stbi__get16be(z->s);
+   z->scan_n = stbi__get8(z->s);
+   if (z->scan_n < 1 || z->scan_n > 4 || z->scan_n > (int) z->s->img_n) return stbi__err("bad SOS component count","Corrupt JPEG");
+   if (Ls != 6+2*z->scan_n) return stbi__err("bad SOS len","Corrupt JPEG");
+   for (i=0; i < z->scan_n; ++i) {
+      int id = stbi__get8(z->s), which;
+      int q = stbi__get8(z->s);
+      for (which = 0; which < z->s->img_n; ++which)
+         if (z->img_comp[which].id == id)
+            break;
+      if (which == z->s->img_n) return 0; // no match
+      z->img_comp[which].hd = q >> 4;   if (z->img_comp[which].hd > 3) return stbi__err("bad DC huff","Corrupt JPEG");
+      z->img_comp[which].ha = q & 15;   if (z->img_comp[which].ha > 3) return stbi__err("bad AC huff","Corrupt JPEG");
+      z->order[i] = which;
+   }
+
+   {
+      int aa;
+      z->spec_start = stbi__get8(z->s);
+      z->spec_end   = stbi__get8(z->s); // should be 63, but might be 0
+      aa = stbi__get8(z->s);
+      z->succ_high = (aa >> 4);
+      z->succ_low  = (aa & 15);
+      if (z->progressive) {
+         if (z->spec_start > 63 || z->spec_end > 63  || z->spec_start > z->spec_end || z->succ_high > 13 || z->succ_low > 13)
+            return stbi__err("bad SOS", "Corrupt JPEG");
+      } else {
+         if (z->spec_start != 0) return stbi__err("bad SOS","Corrupt JPEG");
+         if (z->succ_high != 0 || z->succ_low != 0) return stbi__err("bad SOS","Corrupt JPEG");
+         z->spec_end = 63;
+      }
+   }
+
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__free_jpeg_components(stbi__jpeg *z, int ncomp, int why)
+{
+   int i;
+   for (i=0; i < ncomp; ++i) {
+      if (z->img_comp[i].raw_data) {
+         STBI_FREE(z->img_comp[i].raw_data);
+         z->img_comp[i].raw_data = NULL;
+         z->img_comp[i].data = NULL;
+      }
+      if (z->img_comp[i].raw_coeff) {
+         STBI_FREE(z->img_comp[i].raw_coeff);
+         z->img_comp[i].raw_coeff = 0;
+         z->img_comp[i].coeff = 0;
+      }
+      if (z->img_comp[i].linebuf) {
+         STBI_FREE(z->img_comp[i].linebuf);
+         z->img_comp[i].linebuf = NULL;
+      }
+   }
+   return why;
+}
+
+static int stbi__process_frame_header(stbi__jpeg *z, int scan)
+{
+   stbi__context *s = z->s;
+   int Lf,p,i,q, h_max=1,v_max=1,c;
+   Lf = stbi__get16be(s);         if (Lf < 11) return stbi__err("bad SOF len","Corrupt JPEG"); // JPEG
+   p  = stbi__get8(s);            if (p != 8) return stbi__err("only 8-bit","JPEG format not supported: 8-bit only"); // JPEG baseline
+   s->img_y = stbi__get16be(s);   if (s->img_y == 0) return stbi__err("no header height", "JPEG format not supported: delayed height"); // Legal, but we don't handle it--but neither does IJG
+   s->img_x = stbi__get16be(s);   if (s->img_x == 0) return stbi__err("0 width","Corrupt JPEG"); // JPEG requires
+   if (s->img_y > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__err("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+   if (s->img_x > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__err("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+   c = stbi__get8(s);
+   if (c != 3 && c != 1 && c != 4) return stbi__err("bad component count","Corrupt JPEG");
+   s->img_n = c;
+   for (i=0; i < c; ++i) {
+      z->img_comp[i].data = NULL;
+      z->img_comp[i].linebuf = NULL;
+   }
+
+   if (Lf != 8+3*s->img_n) return stbi__err("bad SOF len","Corrupt JPEG");
+
+   z->rgb = 0;
+   for (i=0; i < s->img_n; ++i) {
+      static const unsigned char rgb[3] = { 'R', 'G', 'B' };
+      z->img_comp[i].id = stbi__get8(s);
+      if (s->img_n == 3 && z->img_comp[i].id == rgb[i])
+         ++z->rgb;
+      q = stbi__get8(s);
+      z->img_comp[i].h = (q >> 4);  if (!z->img_comp[i].h || z->img_comp[i].h > 4) return stbi__err("bad H","Corrupt JPEG");
+      z->img_comp[i].v = q & 15;    if (!z->img_comp[i].v || z->img_comp[i].v > 4) return stbi__err("bad V","Corrupt JPEG");
+      z->img_comp[i].tq = stbi__get8(s);  if (z->img_comp[i].tq > 3) return stbi__err("bad TQ","Corrupt JPEG");
+   }
+
+   if (scan != STBI__SCAN_load) return 1;
+
+   if (!stbi__mad3sizes_valid(s->img_x, s->img_y, s->img_n, 0)) return stbi__err("too large", "Image too large to decode");
+
+   for (i=0; i < s->img_n; ++i) {
+      if (z->img_comp[i].h > h_max) h_max = z->img_comp[i].h;
+      if (z->img_comp[i].v > v_max) v_max = z->img_comp[i].v;
+   }
+
+   // check that plane subsampling factors are integer ratios; our resamplers can't deal with fractional ratios
+   // and I've never seen a non-corrupted JPEG file actually use them
+   for (i=0; i < s->img_n; ++i) {
+      if (h_max % z->img_comp[i].h != 0) return stbi__err("bad H","Corrupt JPEG");
+      if (v_max % z->img_comp[i].v != 0) return stbi__err("bad V","Corrupt JPEG");
+   }
+
+   // compute interleaved mcu info
+   z->img_h_max = h_max;
+   z->img_v_max = v_max;
+   z->img_mcu_w = h_max * 8;
+   z->img_mcu_h = v_max * 8;
+   // these sizes can't be more than 17 bits
+   z->img_mcu_x = (s->img_x + z->img_mcu_w-1) / z->img_mcu_w;
+   z->img_mcu_y = (s->img_y + z->img_mcu_h-1) / z->img_mcu_h;
+
+   for (i=0; i < s->img_n; ++i) {
+      // number of effective pixels (e.g. for non-interleaved MCU)
+      z->img_comp[i].x = (s->img_x * z->img_comp[i].h + h_max-1) / h_max;
+      z->img_comp[i].y = (s->img_y * z->img_comp[i].v + v_max-1) / v_max;
+      // to simplify generation, we'll allocate enough memory to decode
+      // the bogus oversized data from using interleaved MCUs and their
+      // big blocks (e.g. a 16x16 iMCU on an image of width 33); we won't
+      // discard the extra data until colorspace conversion
+      //
+      // img_mcu_x, img_mcu_y: <=17 bits; comp[i].h and .v are <=4 (checked earlier)
+      // so these muls can't overflow with 32-bit ints (which we require)
+      z->img_comp[i].w2 = z->img_mcu_x * z->img_comp[i].h * 8;
+      z->img_comp[i].h2 = z->img_mcu_y * z->img_comp[i].v * 8;
+      z->img_comp[i].coeff = 0;
+      z->img_comp[i].raw_coeff = 0;
+      z->img_comp[i].linebuf = NULL;
+      z->img_comp[i].raw_data = stbi__malloc_mad2(z->img_comp[i].w2, z->img_comp[i].h2, 15);
+      if (z->img_comp[i].raw_data == NULL)
+         return stbi__free_jpeg_components(z, i+1, stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory"));
+      // align blocks for idct using mmx/sse
+      z->img_comp[i].data = (stbi_uc*) (((size_t) z->img_comp[i].raw_data + 15) & ~15);
+      if (z->progressive) {
+         // w2, h2 are multiples of 8 (see above)
+         z->img_comp[i].coeff_w = z->img_comp[i].w2 / 8;
+         z->img_comp[i].coeff_h = z->img_comp[i].h2 / 8;
+         z->img_comp[i].raw_coeff = stbi__malloc_mad3(z->img_comp[i].w2, z->img_comp[i].h2, sizeof(short), 15);
+         if (z->img_comp[i].raw_coeff == NULL)
+            return stbi__free_jpeg_components(z, i+1, stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory"));
+         z->img_comp[i].coeff = (short*) (((size_t) z->img_comp[i].raw_coeff + 15) & ~15);
+      }
+   }
+
+   return 1;
+}
+
+// use comparisons since in some cases we handle more than one case (e.g. SOF)
+#define stbi__DNL(x)         ((x) == 0xdc)
+#define stbi__SOI(x)         ((x) == 0xd8)
+#define stbi__EOI(x)         ((x) == 0xd9)
+#define stbi__SOF(x)         ((x) == 0xc0 || (x) == 0xc1 || (x) == 0xc2)
+#define stbi__SOS(x)         ((x) == 0xda)
+
+#define stbi__SOF_progressive(x)   ((x) == 0xc2)
+
+static int stbi__decode_jpeg_header(stbi__jpeg *z, int scan)
+{
+   int m;
+   z->jfif = 0;
+   z->app14_color_transform = -1; // valid values are 0,1,2
+   z->marker = STBI__MARKER_none; // initialize cached marker to empty
+   m = stbi__get_marker(z);
+   if (!stbi__SOI(m)) return stbi__err("no SOI","Corrupt JPEG");
+   if (scan == STBI__SCAN_type) return 1;
+   m = stbi__get_marker(z);
+   while (!stbi__SOF(m)) {
+      if (!stbi__process_marker(z,m)) return 0;
+      m = stbi__get_marker(z);
+      while (m == STBI__MARKER_none) {
+         // some files have extra padding after their blocks, so ok, we'll scan
+         if (stbi__at_eof(z->s)) return stbi__err("no SOF", "Corrupt JPEG");
+         m = stbi__get_marker(z);
+      }
+   }
+   z->progressive = stbi__SOF_progressive(m);
+   if (!stbi__process_frame_header(z, scan)) return 0;
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static stbi_uc stbi__skip_jpeg_junk_at_end(stbi__jpeg *j)
+{
+   // some JPEGs have junk at end, skip over it but if we find what looks
+   // like a valid marker, resume there
+   while (!stbi__at_eof(j->s)) {
+      stbi_uc x = stbi__get8(j->s);
+      while (x == 0xff) { // might be a marker
+         if (stbi__at_eof(j->s)) return STBI__MARKER_none;
+         x = stbi__get8(j->s);
+         if (x != 0x00 && x != 0xff) {
+            // not a stuffed zero or lead-in to another marker, looks
+            // like an actual marker, return it
+            return x;
+         }
+         // stuffed zero has x=0 now which ends the loop, meaning we go
+         // back to regular scan loop.
+         // repeated 0xff keeps trying to read the next byte of the marker.
+      }
+   }
+   return STBI__MARKER_none;
+}
+
+// decode image to YCbCr format
+static int stbi__decode_jpeg_image(stbi__jpeg *j)
+{
+   int m;
+   for (m = 0; m < 4; m++) {
+      j->img_comp[m].raw_data = NULL;
+      j->img_comp[m].raw_coeff = NULL;
+   }
+   j->restart_interval = 0;
+   if (!stbi__decode_jpeg_header(j, STBI__SCAN_load)) return 0;
+   m = stbi__get_marker(j);
+   while (!stbi__EOI(m)) {
+      if (stbi__SOS(m)) {
+         if (!stbi__process_scan_header(j)) return 0;
+         if (!stbi__parse_entropy_coded_data(j)) return 0;
+         if (j->marker == STBI__MARKER_none ) {
+         j->marker = stbi__skip_jpeg_junk_at_end(j);
+            // if we reach eof without hitting a marker, stbi__get_marker() below will fail and we'll eventually return 0
+         }
+         m = stbi__get_marker(j);
+         if (STBI__RESTART(m))
+            m = stbi__get_marker(j);
+      } else if (stbi__DNL(m)) {
+         int Ld = stbi__get16be(j->s);
+         stbi__uint32 NL = stbi__get16be(j->s);
+         if (Ld != 4) return stbi__err("bad DNL len", "Corrupt JPEG");
+         if (NL != j->s->img_y) return stbi__err("bad DNL height", "Corrupt JPEG");
+         m = stbi__get_marker(j);
+      } else {
+         if (!stbi__process_marker(j, m)) return 1;
+         m = stbi__get_marker(j);
+      }
+   }
+   if (j->progressive)
+      stbi__jpeg_finish(j);
+   return 1;
+}
+
+// static jfif-centered resampling (across block boundaries)
+
+typedef stbi_uc *(*resample_row_func)(stbi_uc *out, stbi_uc *in0, stbi_uc *in1,
+                                    int w, int hs);
+
+#define stbi__div4(x) ((stbi_uc) ((x) >> 2))
+
+static stbi_uc *resample_row_1(stbi_uc *out, stbi_uc *in_near, stbi_uc *in_far, int w, int hs)
+{
+   STBI_NOTUSED(out);
+   STBI_NOTUSED(in_far);
+   STBI_NOTUSED(w);
+   STBI_NOTUSED(hs);
+   return in_near;
+}
+
+static stbi_uc* stbi__resample_row_v_2(stbi_uc *out, stbi_uc *in_near, stbi_uc *in_far, int w, int hs)
+{
+   // need to generate two samples vertically for every one in input
+   int i;
+   STBI_NOTUSED(hs);
+   for (i=0; i < w; ++i)
+      out[i] = stbi__div4(3*in_near[i] + in_far[i] + 2);
+   return out;
+}
+
+static stbi_uc*  stbi__resample_row_h_2(stbi_uc *out, stbi_uc *in_near, stbi_uc *in_far, int w, int hs)
+{
+   // need to generate two samples horizontally for every one in input
+   int i;
+   stbi_uc *input = in_near;
+
+   if (w == 1) {
+      // if only one sample, can't do any interpolation
+      out[0] = out[1] = input[0];
+      return out;
+   }
+
+   out[0] = input[0];
+   out[1] = stbi__div4(input[0]*3 + input[1] + 2);
+   for (i=1; i < w-1; ++i) {
+      int n = 3*input[i]+2;
+      out[i*2+0] = stbi__div4(n+input[i-1]);
+      out[i*2+1] = stbi__div4(n+input[i+1]);
+   }
+   out[i*2+0] = stbi__div4(input[w-2]*3 + input[w-1] + 2);
+   out[i*2+1] = input[w-1];
+
+   STBI_NOTUSED(in_far);
+   STBI_NOTUSED(hs);
+
+   return out;
+}
+
+#define stbi__div16(x) ((stbi_uc) ((x) >> 4))
+
+static stbi_uc *stbi__resample_row_hv_2(stbi_uc *out, stbi_uc *in_near, stbi_uc *in_far, int w, int hs)
+{
+   // need to generate 2x2 samples for every one in input
+   int i,t0,t1;
+   if (w == 1) {
+      out[0] = out[1] = stbi__div4(3*in_near[0] + in_far[0] + 2);
+      return out;
+   }
+
+   t1 = 3*in_near[0] + in_far[0];
+   out[0] = stbi__div4(t1+2);
+   for (i=1; i < w; ++i) {
+      t0 = t1;
+      t1 = 3*in_near[i]+in_far[i];
+      out[i*2-1] = stbi__div16(3*t0 + t1 + 8);
+      out[i*2  ] = stbi__div16(3*t1 + t0 + 8);
+   }
+   out[w*2-1] = stbi__div4(t1+2);
+
+   STBI_NOTUSED(hs);
+
+   return out;
+}
+
+#if defined(STBI_SSE2) || defined(STBI_NEON)
+static stbi_uc *stbi__resample_row_hv_2_simd(stbi_uc *out, stbi_uc *in_near, stbi_uc *in_far, int w, int hs)
+{
+   // need to generate 2x2 samples for every one in input
+   int i=0,t0,t1;
+
+   if (w == 1) {
+      out[0] = out[1] = stbi__div4(3*in_near[0] + in_far[0] + 2);
+      return out;
+   }
+
+   t1 = 3*in_near[0] + in_far[0];
+   // process groups of 8 pixels for as long as we can.
+   // note we can't handle the last pixel in a row in this loop
+   // because we need to handle the filter boundary conditions.
+   for (; i < ((w-1) & ~7); i += 8) {
+#if defined(STBI_SSE2)
+      // load and perform the vertical filtering pass
+      // this uses 3*x + y = 4*x + (y - x)
+      __m128i zero  = _mm_setzero_si128();
+      __m128i farb  = _mm_loadl_epi64((__m128i *) (in_far + i));
+      __m128i nearb = _mm_loadl_epi64((__m128i *) (in_near + i));
+      __m128i farw  = _mm_unpacklo_epi8(farb, zero);
+      __m128i nearw = _mm_unpacklo_epi8(nearb, zero);
+      __m128i diff  = _mm_sub_epi16(farw, nearw);
+      __m128i nears = _mm_slli_epi16(nearw, 2);
+      __m128i curr  = _mm_add_epi16(nears, diff); // current row
+
+      // horizontal filter works the same based on shifted vers of current
+      // row. "prev" is current row shifted right by 1 pixel; we need to
+      // insert the previous pixel value (from t1).
+      // "next" is current row shifted left by 1 pixel, with first pixel
+      // of next block of 8 pixels added in.
+      __m128i prv0 = _mm_slli_si128(curr, 2);
+      __m128i nxt0 = _mm_srli_si128(curr, 2);
+      __m128i prev = _mm_insert_epi16(prv0, t1, 0);
+      __m128i next = _mm_insert_epi16(nxt0, 3*in_near[i+8] + in_far[i+8], 7);
+
+      // horizontal filter, polyphase implementation since it's convenient:
+      // even pixels = 3*cur + prev = cur*4 + (prev - cur)
+      // odd  pixels = 3*cur + next = cur*4 + (next - cur)
+      // note the shared term.
+      __m128i bias  = _mm_set1_epi16(8);
+      __m128i curs = _mm_slli_epi16(curr, 2);
+      __m128i prvd = _mm_sub_epi16(prev, curr);
+      __m128i nxtd = _mm_sub_epi16(next, curr);
+      __m128i curb = _mm_add_epi16(curs, bias);
+      __m128i even = _mm_add_epi16(prvd, curb);
+      __m128i odd  = _mm_add_epi16(nxtd, curb);
+
+      // interleave even and odd pixels, then undo scaling.
+      __m128i int0 = _mm_unpacklo_epi16(even, odd);
+      __m128i int1 = _mm_unpackhi_epi16(even, odd);
+      __m128i de0  = _mm_srli_epi16(int0, 4);
+      __m128i de1  = _mm_srli_epi16(int1, 4);
+
+      // pack and write output
+      __m128i outv = _mm_packus_epi16(de0, de1);
+      _mm_storeu_si128((__m128i *) (out + i*2), outv);
+#elif defined(STBI_NEON)
+      // load and perform the vertical filtering pass
+      // this uses 3*x + y = 4*x + (y - x)
+      uint8x8_t farb  = vld1_u8(in_far + i);
+      uint8x8_t nearb = vld1_u8(in_near + i);
+      int16x8_t diff  = vreinterpretq_s16_u16(vsubl_u8(farb, nearb));
+      int16x8_t nears = vreinterpretq_s16_u16(vshll_n_u8(nearb, 2));
+      int16x8_t curr  = vaddq_s16(nears, diff); // current row
+
+      // horizontal filter works the same based on shifted vers of current
+      // row. "prev" is current row shifted right by 1 pixel; we need to
+      // insert the previous pixel value (from t1).
+      // "next" is current row shifted left by 1 pixel, with first pixel
+      // of next block of 8 pixels added in.
+      int16x8_t prv0 = vextq_s16(curr, curr, 7);
+      int16x8_t nxt0 = vextq_s16(curr, curr, 1);
+      int16x8_t prev = vsetq_lane_s16(t1, prv0, 0);
+      int16x8_t next = vsetq_lane_s16(3*in_near[i+8] + in_far[i+8], nxt0, 7);
+
+      // horizontal filter, polyphase implementation since it's convenient:
+      // even pixels = 3*cur + prev = cur*4 + (prev - cur)
+      // odd  pixels = 3*cur + next = cur*4 + (next - cur)
+      // note the shared term.
+      int16x8_t curs = vshlq_n_s16(curr, 2);
+      int16x8_t prvd = vsubq_s16(prev, curr);
+      int16x8_t nxtd = vsubq_s16(next, curr);
+      int16x8_t even = vaddq_s16(curs, prvd);
+      int16x8_t odd  = vaddq_s16(curs, nxtd);
+
+      // undo scaling and round, then store with even/odd phases interleaved
+      uint8x8x2_t o;
+      o.val[0] = vqrshrun_n_s16(even, 4);
+      o.val[1] = vqrshrun_n_s16(odd,  4);
+      vst2_u8(out + i*2, o);
+#endif
+
+      // "previous" value for next iter
+      t1 = 3*in_near[i+7] + in_far[i+7];
+   }
+
+   t0 = t1;
+   t1 = 3*in_near[i] + in_far[i];
+   out[i*2] = stbi__div16(3*t1 + t0 + 8);
+
+   for (++i; i < w; ++i) {
+      t0 = t1;
+      t1 = 3*in_near[i]+in_far[i];
+      out[i*2-1] = stbi__div16(3*t0 + t1 + 8);
+      out[i*2  ] = stbi__div16(3*t1 + t0 + 8);
+   }
+   out[w*2-1] = stbi__div4(t1+2);
+
+   STBI_NOTUSED(hs);
+
+   return out;
+}
+#endif
+
+static stbi_uc *stbi__resample_row_generic(stbi_uc *out, stbi_uc *in_near, stbi_uc *in_far, int w, int hs)
+{
+   // resample with nearest-neighbor
+   int i,j;
+   STBI_NOTUSED(in_far);
+   for (i=0; i < w; ++i)
+      for (j=0; j < hs; ++j)
+         out[i*hs+j] = in_near[i];
+   return out;
+}
+
+// this is a reduced-precision calculation of YCbCr-to-RGB introduced
+// to make sure the code produces the same results in both SIMD and scalar
+#define stbi__float2fixed(x)  (((int) ((x) * 4096.0f + 0.5f)) << 8)
+static void stbi__YCbCr_to_RGB_row(stbi_uc *out, const stbi_uc *y, const stbi_uc *pcb, const stbi_uc *pcr, int count, int step)
+{
+   int i;
+   for (i=0; i < count; ++i) {
+      int y_fixed = (y[i] << 20) + (1<<19); // rounding
+      int r,g,b;
+      int cr = pcr[i] - 128;
+      int cb = pcb[i] - 128;
+      r = y_fixed +  cr* stbi__float2fixed(1.40200f);
+      g = y_fixed + (cr*-stbi__float2fixed(0.71414f)) + ((cb*-stbi__float2fixed(0.34414f)) & 0xffff0000);
+      b = y_fixed                                     +   cb* stbi__float2fixed(1.77200f);
+      r >>= 20;
+      g >>= 20;
+      b >>= 20;
+      if ((unsigned) r > 255) { if (r < 0) r = 0; else r = 255; }
+      if ((unsigned) g > 255) { if (g < 0) g = 0; else g = 255; }
+      if ((unsigned) b > 255) { if (b < 0) b = 0; else b = 255; }
+      out[0] = (stbi_uc)r;
+      out[1] = (stbi_uc)g;
+      out[2] = (stbi_uc)b;
+      out[3] = 255;
+      out += step;
+   }
+}
+
+#if defined(STBI_SSE2) || defined(STBI_NEON)
+static void stbi__YCbCr_to_RGB_simd(stbi_uc *out, stbi_uc const *y, stbi_uc const *pcb, stbi_uc const *pcr, int count, int step)
+{
+   int i = 0;
+
+#ifdef STBI_SSE2
+   // step == 3 is pretty ugly on the final interleave, and i'm not convinced
+   // it's useful in practice (you wouldn't use it for textures, for example).
+   // so just accelerate step == 4 case.
+   if (step == 4) {
+      // this is a fairly straightforward implementation and not super-optimized.
+      __m128i signflip  = _mm_set1_epi8(-0x80);
+      __m128i cr_const0 = _mm_set1_epi16(   (short) ( 1.40200f*4096.0f+0.5f));
+      __m128i cr_const1 = _mm_set1_epi16( - (short) ( 0.71414f*4096.0f+0.5f));
+      __m128i cb_const0 = _mm_set1_epi16( - (short) ( 0.34414f*4096.0f+0.5f));
+      __m128i cb_const1 = _mm_set1_epi16(   (short) ( 1.77200f*4096.0f+0.5f));
+      __m128i y_bias = _mm_set1_epi8((char) (unsigned char) 128);
+      __m128i xw = _mm_set1_epi16(255); // alpha channel
+
+      for (; i+7 < count; i += 8) {
+         // load
+         __m128i y_bytes = _mm_loadl_epi64((__m128i *) (y+i));
+         __m128i cr_bytes = _mm_loadl_epi64((__m128i *) (pcr+i));
+         __m128i cb_bytes = _mm_loadl_epi64((__m128i *) (pcb+i));
+         __m128i cr_biased = _mm_xor_si128(cr_bytes, signflip); // -128
+         __m128i cb_biased = _mm_xor_si128(cb_bytes, signflip); // -128
+
+         // unpack to short (and left-shift cr, cb by 8)
+         __m128i yw  = _mm_unpacklo_epi8(y_bias, y_bytes);
+         __m128i crw = _mm_unpacklo_epi8(_mm_setzero_si128(), cr_biased);
+         __m128i cbw = _mm_unpacklo_epi8(_mm_setzero_si128(), cb_biased);
+
+         // color transform
+         __m128i yws = _mm_srli_epi16(yw, 4);
+         __m128i cr0 = _mm_mulhi_epi16(cr_const0, crw);
+         __m128i cb0 = _mm_mulhi_epi16(cb_const0, cbw);
+         __m128i cb1 = _mm_mulhi_epi16(cbw, cb_const1);
+         __m128i cr1 = _mm_mulhi_epi16(crw, cr_const1);
+         __m128i rws = _mm_add_epi16(cr0, yws);
+         __m128i gwt = _mm_add_epi16(cb0, yws);
+         __m128i bws = _mm_add_epi16(yws, cb1);
+         __m128i gws = _mm_add_epi16(gwt, cr1);
+
+         // descale
+         __m128i rw = _mm_srai_epi16(rws, 4);
+         __m128i bw = _mm_srai_epi16(bws, 4);
+         __m128i gw = _mm_srai_epi16(gws, 4);
+
+         // back to byte, set up for transpose
+         __m128i brb = _mm_packus_epi16(rw, bw);
+         __m128i gxb = _mm_packus_epi16(gw, xw);
+
+         // transpose to interleave channels
+         __m128i t0 = _mm_unpacklo_epi8(brb, gxb);
+         __m128i t1 = _mm_unpackhi_epi8(brb, gxb);
+         __m128i o0 = _mm_unpacklo_epi16(t0, t1);
+         __m128i o1 = _mm_unpackhi_epi16(t0, t1);
+
+         // store
+         _mm_storeu_si128((__m128i *) (out + 0), o0);
+         _mm_storeu_si128((__m128i *) (out + 16), o1);
+         out += 32;
+      }
+   }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef STBI_NEON
+   // in this version, step=3 support would be easy to add. but is there demand?
+   if (step == 4) {
+      // this is a fairly straightforward implementation and not super-optimized.
+      uint8x8_t signflip = vdup_n_u8(0x80);
+      int16x8_t cr_const0 = vdupq_n_s16(   (short) ( 1.40200f*4096.0f+0.5f));
+      int16x8_t cr_const1 = vdupq_n_s16( - (short) ( 0.71414f*4096.0f+0.5f));
+      int16x8_t cb_const0 = vdupq_n_s16( - (short) ( 0.34414f*4096.0f+0.5f));
+      int16x8_t cb_const1 = vdupq_n_s16(   (short) ( 1.77200f*4096.0f+0.5f));
+
+      for (; i+7 < count; i += 8) {
+         // load
+         uint8x8_t y_bytes  = vld1_u8(y + i);
+         uint8x8_t cr_bytes = vld1_u8(pcr + i);
+         uint8x8_t cb_bytes = vld1_u8(pcb + i);
+         int8x8_t cr_biased = vreinterpret_s8_u8(vsub_u8(cr_bytes, signflip));
+         int8x8_t cb_biased = vreinterpret_s8_u8(vsub_u8(cb_bytes, signflip));
+
+         // expand to s16
+         int16x8_t yws = vreinterpretq_s16_u16(vshll_n_u8(y_bytes, 4));
+         int16x8_t crw = vshll_n_s8(cr_biased, 7);
+         int16x8_t cbw = vshll_n_s8(cb_biased, 7);
+
+         // color transform
+         int16x8_t cr0 = vqdmulhq_s16(crw, cr_const0);
+         int16x8_t cb0 = vqdmulhq_s16(cbw, cb_const0);
+         int16x8_t cr1 = vqdmulhq_s16(crw, cr_const1);
+         int16x8_t cb1 = vqdmulhq_s16(cbw, cb_const1);
+         int16x8_t rws = vaddq_s16(yws, cr0);
+         int16x8_t gws = vaddq_s16(vaddq_s16(yws, cb0), cr1);
+         int16x8_t bws = vaddq_s16(yws, cb1);
+
+         // undo scaling, round, convert to byte
+         uint8x8x4_t o;
+         o.val[0] = vqrshrun_n_s16(rws, 4);
+         o.val[1] = vqrshrun_n_s16(gws, 4);
+         o.val[2] = vqrshrun_n_s16(bws, 4);
+         o.val[3] = vdup_n_u8(255);
+
+         // store, interleaving r/g/b/a
+         vst4_u8(out, o);
+         out += 8*4;
+      }
+   }
+#endif
+
+   for (; i < count; ++i) {
+      int y_fixed = (y[i] << 20) + (1<<19); // rounding
+      int r,g,b;
+      int cr = pcr[i] - 128;
+      int cb = pcb[i] - 128;
+      r = y_fixed + cr* stbi__float2fixed(1.40200f);
+      g = y_fixed + cr*-stbi__float2fixed(0.71414f) + ((cb*-stbi__float2fixed(0.34414f)) & 0xffff0000);
+      b = y_fixed                                   +   cb* stbi__float2fixed(1.77200f);
+      r >>= 20;
+      g >>= 20;
+      b >>= 20;
+      if ((unsigned) r > 255) { if (r < 0) r = 0; else r = 255; }
+      if ((unsigned) g > 255) { if (g < 0) g = 0; else g = 255; }
+      if ((unsigned) b > 255) { if (b < 0) b = 0; else b = 255; }
+      out[0] = (stbi_uc)r;
+      out[1] = (stbi_uc)g;
+      out[2] = (stbi_uc)b;
+      out[3] = 255;
+      out += step;
+   }
+}
+#endif
+
+// set up the kernels
+static void stbi__setup_jpeg(stbi__jpeg *j)
+{
+   j->idct_block_kernel = stbi__idct_block;
+   j->YCbCr_to_RGB_kernel = stbi__YCbCr_to_RGB_row;
+   j->resample_row_hv_2_kernel = stbi__resample_row_hv_2;
+
+#ifdef STBI_SSE2
+   if (stbi__sse2_available()) {
+      j->idct_block_kernel = stbi__idct_simd;
+      j->YCbCr_to_RGB_kernel = stbi__YCbCr_to_RGB_simd;
+      j->resample_row_hv_2_kernel = stbi__resample_row_hv_2_simd;
+   }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef STBI_NEON
+   j->idct_block_kernel = stbi__idct_simd;
+   j->YCbCr_to_RGB_kernel = stbi__YCbCr_to_RGB_simd;
+   j->resample_row_hv_2_kernel = stbi__resample_row_hv_2_simd;
+#endif
+}
+
+// clean up the temporary component buffers
+static void stbi__cleanup_jpeg(stbi__jpeg *j)
+{
+   stbi__free_jpeg_components(j, j->s->img_n, 0);
+}
+
+typedef struct
+{
+   resample_row_func resample;
+   stbi_uc *line0,*line1;
+   int hs,vs;   // expansion factor in each axis
+   int w_lores; // horizontal pixels pre-expansion
+   int ystep;   // how far through vertical expansion we are
+   int ypos;    // which pre-expansion row we're on
+} stbi__resample;
+
+// fast 0..255 * 0..255 => 0..255 rounded multiplication
+static stbi_uc stbi__blinn_8x8(stbi_uc x, stbi_uc y)
+{
+   unsigned int t = x*y + 128;
+   return (stbi_uc) ((t + (t >>8)) >> 8);
+}
+
+static stbi_uc *load_jpeg_image(stbi__jpeg *z, int *out_x, int *out_y, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   int n, decode_n, is_rgb;
+   z->s->img_n = 0; // make stbi__cleanup_jpeg safe
+
+   // validate req_comp
+   if (req_comp < 0 || req_comp > 4) return stbi__errpuc("bad req_comp", "Internal error");
+
+   // load a jpeg image from whichever source, but leave in YCbCr format
+   if (!stbi__decode_jpeg_image(z)) { stbi__cleanup_jpeg(z); return NULL; }
+
+   // determine actual number of components to generate
+   n = req_comp ? req_comp : z->s->img_n >= 3 ? 3 : 1;
+
+   is_rgb = z->s->img_n == 3 && (z->rgb == 3 || (z->app14_color_transform == 0 && !z->jfif));
+
+   if (z->s->img_n == 3 && n < 3 && !is_rgb)
+      decode_n = 1;
+   else
+      decode_n = z->s->img_n;
+
+   // nothing to do if no components requested; check this now to avoid
+   // accessing uninitialized coutput[0] later
+   if (decode_n <= 0) { stbi__cleanup_jpeg(z); return NULL; }
+
+   // resample and color-convert
+   {
+      int k;
+      unsigned int i,j;
+      stbi_uc *output;
+      stbi_uc *coutput[4] = { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL };
+
+      stbi__resample res_comp[4];
+
+      for (k=0; k < decode_n; ++k) {
+         stbi__resample *r = &res_comp[k];
+
+         // allocate line buffer big enough for upsampling off the edges
+         // with upsample factor of 4
+         z->img_comp[k].linebuf = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc(z->s->img_x + 3);
+         if (!z->img_comp[k].linebuf) { stbi__cleanup_jpeg(z); return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory"); }
+
+         r->hs      = z->img_h_max / z->img_comp[k].h;
+         r->vs      = z->img_v_max / z->img_comp[k].v;
+         r->ystep   = r->vs >> 1;
+         r->w_lores = (z->s->img_x + r->hs-1) / r->hs;
+         r->ypos    = 0;
+         r->line0   = r->line1 = z->img_comp[k].data;
+
+         if      (r->hs == 1 && r->vs == 1) r->resample = resample_row_1;
+         else if (r->hs == 1 && r->vs == 2) r->resample = stbi__resample_row_v_2;
+         else if (r->hs == 2 && r->vs == 1) r->resample = stbi__resample_row_h_2;
+         else if (r->hs == 2 && r->vs == 2) r->resample = z->resample_row_hv_2_kernel;
+         else                               r->resample = stbi__resample_row_generic;
+      }
+
+      // can't error after this so, this is safe
+      output = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad3(n, z->s->img_x, z->s->img_y, 1);
+      if (!output) { stbi__cleanup_jpeg(z); return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory"); }
+
+      // now go ahead and resample
+      for (j=0; j < z->s->img_y; ++j) {
+         stbi_uc *out = output + n * z->s->img_x * j;
+         for (k=0; k < decode_n; ++k) {
+            stbi__resample *r = &res_comp[k];
+            int y_bot = r->ystep >= (r->vs >> 1);
+            coutput[k] = r->resample(z->img_comp[k].linebuf,
+                                     y_bot ? r->line1 : r->line0,
+                                     y_bot ? r->line0 : r->line1,
+                                     r->w_lores, r->hs);
+            if (++r->ystep >= r->vs) {
+               r->ystep = 0;
+               r->line0 = r->line1;
+               if (++r->ypos < z->img_comp[k].y)
+                  r->line1 += z->img_comp[k].w2;
+            }
+         }
+         if (n >= 3) {
+            stbi_uc *y = coutput[0];
+            if (z->s->img_n == 3) {
+               if (is_rgb) {
+                  for (i=0; i < z->s->img_x; ++i) {
+                     out[0] = y[i];
+                     out[1] = coutput[1][i];
+                     out[2] = coutput[2][i];
+                     out[3] = 255;
+                     out += n;
+                  }
+               } else {
+                  z->YCbCr_to_RGB_kernel(out, y, coutput[1], coutput[2], z->s->img_x, n);
+               }
+            } else if (z->s->img_n == 4) {
+               if (z->app14_color_transform == 0) { // CMYK
+                  for (i=0; i < z->s->img_x; ++i) {
+                     stbi_uc m = coutput[3][i];
+                     out[0] = stbi__blinn_8x8(coutput[0][i], m);
+                     out[1] = stbi__blinn_8x8(coutput[1][i], m);
+                     out[2] = stbi__blinn_8x8(coutput[2][i], m);
+                     out[3] = 255;
+                     out += n;
+                  }
+               } else if (z->app14_color_transform == 2) { // YCCK
+                  z->YCbCr_to_RGB_kernel(out, y, coutput[1], coutput[2], z->s->img_x, n);
+                  for (i=0; i < z->s->img_x; ++i) {
+                     stbi_uc m = coutput[3][i];
+                     out[0] = stbi__blinn_8x8(255 - out[0], m);
+                     out[1] = stbi__blinn_8x8(255 - out[1], m);
+                     out[2] = stbi__blinn_8x8(255 - out[2], m);
+                     out += n;
+                  }
+               } else { // YCbCr + alpha?  Ignore the fourth channel for now
+                  z->YCbCr_to_RGB_kernel(out, y, coutput[1], coutput[2], z->s->img_x, n);
+               }
+            } else
+               for (i=0; i < z->s->img_x; ++i) {
+                  out[0] = out[1] = out[2] = y[i];
+                  out[3] = 255; // not used if n==3
+                  out += n;
+               }
+         } else {
+            if (is_rgb) {
+               if (n == 1)
+                  for (i=0; i < z->s->img_x; ++i)
+                     *out++ = stbi__compute_y(coutput[0][i], coutput[1][i], coutput[2][i]);
+               else {
+                  for (i=0; i < z->s->img_x; ++i, out += 2) {
+                     out[0] = stbi__compute_y(coutput[0][i], coutput[1][i], coutput[2][i]);
+                     out[1] = 255;
+                  }
+               }
+            } else if (z->s->img_n == 4 && z->app14_color_transform == 0) {
+               for (i=0; i < z->s->img_x; ++i) {
+                  stbi_uc m = coutput[3][i];
+                  stbi_uc r = stbi__blinn_8x8(coutput[0][i], m);
+                  stbi_uc g = stbi__blinn_8x8(coutput[1][i], m);
+                  stbi_uc b = stbi__blinn_8x8(coutput[2][i], m);
+                  out[0] = stbi__compute_y(r, g, b);
+                  out[1] = 255;
+                  out += n;
+               }
+            } else if (z->s->img_n == 4 && z->app14_color_transform == 2) {
+               for (i=0; i < z->s->img_x; ++i) {
+                  out[0] = stbi__blinn_8x8(255 - coutput[0][i], coutput[3][i]);
+                  out[1] = 255;
+                  out += n;
+               }
+            } else {
+               stbi_uc *y = coutput[0];
+               if (n == 1)
+                  for (i=0; i < z->s->img_x; ++i) out[i] = y[i];
+               else
+                  for (i=0; i < z->s->img_x; ++i) { *out++ = y[i]; *out++ = 255; }
+            }
+         }
+      }
+      stbi__cleanup_jpeg(z);
+      *out_x = z->s->img_x;
+      *out_y = z->s->img_y;
+      if (comp) *comp = z->s->img_n >= 3 ? 3 : 1; // report original components, not output
+      return output;
+   }
+}
+
+static void *stbi__jpeg_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri)
+{
+   unsigned char* result;
+   stbi__jpeg* j = (stbi__jpeg*) stbi__malloc(sizeof(stbi__jpeg));
+   if (!j) return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+   memset(j, 0, sizeof(stbi__jpeg));
+   STBI_NOTUSED(ri);
+   j->s = s;
+   stbi__setup_jpeg(j);
+   result = load_jpeg_image(j, x,y,comp,req_comp);
+   STBI_FREE(j);
+   return result;
+}
+
+static int stbi__jpeg_test(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   int r;
+   stbi__jpeg* j = (stbi__jpeg*)stbi__malloc(sizeof(stbi__jpeg));
+   if (!j) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+   memset(j, 0, sizeof(stbi__jpeg));
+   j->s = s;
+   stbi__setup_jpeg(j);
+   r = stbi__decode_jpeg_header(j, STBI__SCAN_type);
+   stbi__rewind(s);
+   STBI_FREE(j);
+   return r;
+}
+
+static int stbi__jpeg_info_raw(stbi__jpeg *j, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+   if (!stbi__decode_jpeg_header(j, STBI__SCAN_header)) {
+      stbi__rewind( j->s );
+      return 0;
+   }
+   if (x) *x = j->s->img_x;
+   if (y) *y = j->s->img_y;
+   if (comp) *comp = j->s->img_n >= 3 ? 3 : 1;
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__jpeg_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+   int result;
+   stbi__jpeg* j = (stbi__jpeg*) (stbi__malloc(sizeof(stbi__jpeg)));
+   if (!j) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+   memset(j, 0, sizeof(stbi__jpeg));
+   j->s = s;
+   result = stbi__jpeg_info_raw(j, x, y, comp);
+   STBI_FREE(j);
+   return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+// public domain zlib decode    v0.2  Sean Barrett 2006-11-18
+//    simple implementation
+//      - all input must be provided in an upfront buffer
+//      - all output is written to a single output buffer (can malloc/realloc)
+//    performance
+//      - fast huffman
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_ZLIB
+
+// fast-way is faster to check than jpeg huffman, but slow way is slower
+#define STBI__ZFAST_BITS  9 // accelerate all cases in default tables
+#define STBI__ZFAST_MASK  ((1 << STBI__ZFAST_BITS) - 1)
+#define STBI__ZNSYMS 288 // number of symbols in literal/length alphabet
+
+// zlib-style huffman encoding
+// (jpegs packs from left, zlib from right, so can't share code)
+typedef struct
+{
+   stbi__uint16 fast[1 << STBI__ZFAST_BITS];
+   stbi__uint16 firstcode[16];
+   int maxcode[17];
+   stbi__uint16 firstsymbol[16];
+   stbi_uc  size[STBI__ZNSYMS];
+   stbi__uint16 value[STBI__ZNSYMS];
+} stbi__zhuffman;
+
+stbi_inline static int stbi__bitreverse16(int n)
+{
+  n = ((n & 0xAAAA) >>  1) | ((n & 0x5555) << 1);
+  n = ((n & 0xCCCC) >>  2) | ((n & 0x3333) << 2);
+  n = ((n & 0xF0F0) >>  4) | ((n & 0x0F0F) << 4);
+  n = ((n & 0xFF00) >>  8) | ((n & 0x00FF) << 8);
+  return n;
+}
+
+stbi_inline static int stbi__bit_reverse(int v, int bits)
+{
+   STBI_ASSERT(bits <= 16);
+   // to bit reverse n bits, reverse 16 and shift
+   // e.g. 11 bits, bit reverse and shift away 5
+   return stbi__bitreverse16(v) >> (16-bits);
+}
+
+static int stbi__zbuild_huffman(stbi__zhuffman *z, const stbi_uc *sizelist, int num)
+{
+   int i,k=0;
+   int code, next_code[16], sizes[17];
+
+   // DEFLATE spec for generating codes
+   memset(sizes, 0, sizeof(sizes));
+   memset(z->fast, 0, sizeof(z->fast));
+   for (i=0; i < num; ++i)
+      ++sizes[sizelist[i]];
+   sizes[0] = 0;
+   for (i=1; i < 16; ++i)
+      if (sizes[i] > (1 << i))
+         return stbi__err("bad sizes", "Corrupt PNG");
+   code = 0;
+   for (i=1; i < 16; ++i) {
+      next_code[i] = code;
+      z->firstcode[i] = (stbi__uint16) code;
+      z->firstsymbol[i] = (stbi__uint16) k;
+      code = (code + sizes[i]);
+      if (sizes[i])
+         if (code-1 >= (1 << i)) return stbi__err("bad codelengths","Corrupt PNG");
+      z->maxcode[i] = code << (16-i); // preshift for inner loop
+      code <<= 1;
+      k += sizes[i];
+   }
+   z->maxcode[16] = 0x10000; // sentinel
+   for (i=0; i < num; ++i) {
+      int s = sizelist[i];
+      if (s) {
+         int c = next_code[s] - z->firstcode[s] + z->firstsymbol[s];
+         stbi__uint16 fastv = (stbi__uint16) ((s << 9) | i);
+         z->size [c] = (stbi_uc     ) s;
+         z->value[c] = (stbi__uint16) i;
+         if (s <= STBI__ZFAST_BITS) {
+            int j = stbi__bit_reverse(next_code[s],s);
+            while (j < (1 << STBI__ZFAST_BITS)) {
+               z->fast[j] = fastv;
+               j += (1 << s);
+            }
+         }
+         ++next_code[s];
+      }
+   }
+   return 1;
+}
+
+// zlib-from-memory implementation for PNG reading
+//    because PNG allows splitting the zlib stream arbitrarily,
+//    and it's annoying structurally to have PNG call ZLIB call PNG,
+//    we require PNG read all the IDATs and combine them into a single
+//    memory buffer
+
+typedef struct
+{
+   stbi_uc *zbuffer, *zbuffer_end;
+   int num_bits;
+   int hit_zeof_once;
+   stbi__uint32 code_buffer;
+
+   char *zout;
+   char *zout_start;
+   char *zout_end;
+   int   z_expandable;
+
+   stbi__zhuffman z_length, z_distance;
+} stbi__zbuf;
+
+stbi_inline static int stbi__zeof(stbi__zbuf *z)
+{
+   return (z->zbuffer >= z->zbuffer_end);
+}
+
+stbi_inline static stbi_uc stbi__zget8(stbi__zbuf *z)
+{
+   return stbi__zeof(z) ? 0 : *z->zbuffer++;
+}
+
+static void stbi__fill_bits(stbi__zbuf *z)
+{
+   do {
+      if (z->code_buffer >= (1U << z->num_bits)) {
+        z->zbuffer = z->zbuffer_end;  /* treat this as EOF so we fail. */
+        return;
+      }
+      z->code_buffer |= (unsigned int) stbi__zget8(z) << z->num_bits;
+      z->num_bits += 8;
+   } while (z->num_bits <= 24);
+}
+
+stbi_inline static unsigned int stbi__zreceive(stbi__zbuf *z, int n)
+{
+   unsigned int k;
+   if (z->num_bits < n) stbi__fill_bits(z);
+   k = z->code_buffer & ((1 << n) - 1);
+   z->code_buffer >>= n;
+   z->num_bits -= n;
+   return k;
+}
+
+static int stbi__zhuffman_decode_slowpath(stbi__zbuf *a, stbi__zhuffman *z)
+{
+   int b,s,k;
+   // not resolved by fast table, so compute it the slow way
+   // use jpeg approach, which requires MSbits at top
+   k = stbi__bit_reverse(a->code_buffer, 16);
+   for (s=STBI__ZFAST_BITS+1; ; ++s)
+      if (k < z->maxcode[s])
+         break;
+   if (s >= 16) return -1; // invalid code!
+   // code size is s, so:
+   b = (k >> (16-s)) - z->firstcode[s] + z->firstsymbol[s];
+   if (b >= STBI__ZNSYMS) return -1; // some data was corrupt somewhere!
+   if (z->size[b] != s) return -1;  // was originally an assert, but report failure instead.
+   a->code_buffer >>= s;
+   a->num_bits -= s;
+   return z->value[b];
+}
+
+stbi_inline static int stbi__zhuffman_decode(stbi__zbuf *a, stbi__zhuffman *z)
+{
+   int b,s;
+   if (a->num_bits < 16) {
+      if (stbi__zeof(a)) {
+         if (!a->hit_zeof_once) {
+            // This is the first time we hit eof, insert 16 extra padding btis
+            // to allow us to keep going; if we actually consume any of them
+            // though, that is invalid data. This is caught later.
+            a->hit_zeof_once = 1;
+            a->num_bits += 16; // add 16 implicit zero bits
+         } else {
+            // We already inserted our extra 16 padding bits and are again
+            // out, this stream is actually prematurely terminated.
+            return -1;
+         }
+      } else {
+         stbi__fill_bits(a);
+      }
+   }
+   b = z->fast[a->code_buffer & STBI__ZFAST_MASK];
+   if (b) {
+      s = b >> 9;
+      a->code_buffer >>= s;
+      a->num_bits -= s;
+      return b & 511;
+   }
+   return stbi__zhuffman_decode_slowpath(a, z);
+}
+
+static int stbi__zexpand(stbi__zbuf *z, char *zout, int n)  // need to make room for n bytes
+{
+   char *q;
+   unsigned int cur, limit, old_limit;
+   z->zout = zout;
+   if (!z->z_expandable) return stbi__err("output buffer limit","Corrupt PNG");
+   cur   = (unsigned int) (z->zout - z->zout_start);
+   limit = old_limit = (unsigned) (z->zout_end - z->zout_start);
+   if (UINT_MAX - cur < (unsigned) n) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+   while (cur + n > limit) {
+      if(limit > UINT_MAX / 2) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+      limit *= 2;
+   }
+   q = (char *) STBI_REALLOC_SIZED(z->zout_start, old_limit, limit);
+   STBI_NOTUSED(old_limit);
+   if (q == NULL) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+   z->zout_start = q;
+   z->zout       = q + cur;
+   z->zout_end   = q + limit;
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static const int stbi__zlength_base[31] = {
+   3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,
+   15,17,19,23,27,31,35,43,51,59,
+   67,83,99,115,131,163,195,227,258,0,0 };
+
+static const int stbi__zlength_extra[31]=
+{ 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,0,0,0 };
+
+static const int stbi__zdist_base[32] = { 1,2,3,4,5,7,9,13,17,25,33,49,65,97,129,193,
+257,385,513,769,1025,1537,2049,3073,4097,6145,8193,12289,16385,24577,0,0};
+
+static const int stbi__zdist_extra[32] =
+{ 0,0,0,0,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12,13,13};
+
+static int stbi__parse_huffman_block(stbi__zbuf *a)
+{
+   char *zout = a->zout;
+   for(;;) {
+      int z = stbi__zhuffman_decode(a, &a->z_length);
+      if (z < 256) {
+         if (z < 0) return stbi__err("bad huffman code","Corrupt PNG"); // error in huffman codes
+         if (zout >= a->zout_end) {
+            if (!stbi__zexpand(a, zout, 1)) return 0;
+            zout = a->zout;
+         }
+         *zout++ = (char) z;
+      } else {
+         stbi_uc *p;
+         int len,dist;
+         if (z == 256) {
+            a->zout = zout;
+            if (a->hit_zeof_once && a->num_bits < 16) {
+               // The first time we hit zeof, we inserted 16 extra zero bits into our bit
+               // buffer so the decoder can just do its speculative decoding. But if we
+               // actually consumed any of those bits (which is the case when num_bits < 16),
+               // the stream actually read past the end so it is malformed.
+               return stbi__err("unexpected end","Corrupt PNG");
+            }
+            return 1;
+         }
+         if (z >= 286) return stbi__err("bad huffman code","Corrupt PNG"); // per DEFLATE, length codes 286 and 287 must not appear in compressed data
+         z -= 257;
+         len = stbi__zlength_base[z];
+         if (stbi__zlength_extra[z]) len += stbi__zreceive(a, stbi__zlength_extra[z]);
+         z = stbi__zhuffman_decode(a, &a->z_distance);
+         if (z < 0 || z >= 30) return stbi__err("bad huffman code","Corrupt PNG"); // per DEFLATE, distance codes 30 and 31 must not appear in compressed data
+         dist = stbi__zdist_base[z];
+         if (stbi__zdist_extra[z]) dist += stbi__zreceive(a, stbi__zdist_extra[z]);
+         if (zout - a->zout_start < dist) return stbi__err("bad dist","Corrupt PNG");
+         if (len > a->zout_end - zout) {
+            if (!stbi__zexpand(a, zout, len)) return 0;
+            zout = a->zout;
+         }
+         p = (stbi_uc *) (zout - dist);
+         if (dist == 1) { // run of one byte; common in images.
+            stbi_uc v = *p;
+            if (len) { do *zout++ = v; while (--len); }
+         } else {
+            if (len) { do *zout++ = *p++; while (--len); }
+         }
+      }
+   }
+}
+
+static int stbi__compute_huffman_codes(stbi__zbuf *a)
+{
+   static const stbi_uc length_dezigzag[19] = { 16,17,18,0,8,7,9,6,10,5,11,4,12,3,13,2,14,1,15 };
+   stbi__zhuffman z_codelength;
+   stbi_uc lencodes[286+32+137];//padding for maximum single op
+   stbi_uc codelength_sizes[19];
+   int i,n;
+
+   int hlit  = stbi__zreceive(a,5) + 257;
+   int hdist = stbi__zreceive(a,5) + 1;
+   int hclen = stbi__zreceive(a,4) + 4;
+   int ntot  = hlit + hdist;
+
+   memset(codelength_sizes, 0, sizeof(codelength_sizes));
+   for (i=0; i < hclen; ++i) {
+      int s = stbi__zreceive(a,3);
+      codelength_sizes[length_dezigzag[i]] = (stbi_uc) s;
+   }
+   if (!stbi__zbuild_huffman(&z_codelength, codelength_sizes, 19)) return 0;
+
+   n = 0;
+   while (n < ntot) {
+      int c = stbi__zhuffman_decode(a, &z_codelength);
+      if (c < 0 || c >= 19) return stbi__err("bad codelengths", "Corrupt PNG");
+      if (c < 16)
+         lencodes[n++] = (stbi_uc) c;
+      else {
+         stbi_uc fill = 0;
+         if (c == 16) {
+            c = stbi__zreceive(a,2)+3;
+            if (n == 0) return stbi__err("bad codelengths", "Corrupt PNG");
+            fill = lencodes[n-1];
+         } else if (c == 17) {
+            c = stbi__zreceive(a,3)+3;
+         } else if (c == 18) {
+            c = stbi__zreceive(a,7)+11;
+         } else {
+            return stbi__err("bad codelengths", "Corrupt PNG");
+         }
+         if (ntot - n < c) return stbi__err("bad codelengths", "Corrupt PNG");
+         memset(lencodes+n, fill, c);
+         n += c;
+      }
+   }
+   if (n != ntot) return stbi__err("bad codelengths","Corrupt PNG");
+   if (!stbi__zbuild_huffman(&a->z_length, lencodes, hlit)) return 0;
+   if (!stbi__zbuild_huffman(&a->z_distance, lencodes+hlit, hdist)) return 0;
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__parse_uncompressed_block(stbi__zbuf *a)
+{
+   stbi_uc header[4];
+   int len,nlen,k;
+   if (a->num_bits & 7)
+      stbi__zreceive(a, a->num_bits & 7); // discard
+   // drain the bit-packed data into header
+   k = 0;
+   while (a->num_bits > 0) {
+      header[k++] = (stbi_uc) (a->code_buffer & 255); // suppress MSVC run-time check
+      a->code_buffer >>= 8;
+      a->num_bits -= 8;
+   }
+   if (a->num_bits < 0) return stbi__err("zlib corrupt","Corrupt PNG");
+   // now fill header the normal way
+   while (k < 4)
+      header[k++] = stbi__zget8(a);
+   len  = header[1] * 256 + header[0];
+   nlen = header[3] * 256 + header[2];
+   if (nlen != (len ^ 0xffff)) return stbi__err("zlib corrupt","Corrupt PNG");
+   if (a->zbuffer + len > a->zbuffer_end) return stbi__err("read past buffer","Corrupt PNG");
+   if (a->zout + len > a->zout_end)
+      if (!stbi__zexpand(a, a->zout, len)) return 0;
+   memcpy(a->zout, a->zbuffer, len);
+   a->zbuffer += len;
+   a->zout += len;
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__parse_zlib_header(stbi__zbuf *a)
+{
+   int cmf   = stbi__zget8(a);
+   int cm    = cmf & 15;
+   /* int cinfo = cmf >> 4; */
+   int flg   = stbi__zget8(a);
+   if (stbi__zeof(a)) return stbi__err("bad zlib header","Corrupt PNG"); // zlib spec
+   if ((cmf*256+flg) % 31 != 0) return stbi__err("bad zlib header","Corrupt PNG"); // zlib spec
+   if (flg & 32) return stbi__err("no preset dict","Corrupt PNG"); // preset dictionary not allowed in png
+   if (cm != 8) return stbi__err("bad compression","Corrupt PNG"); // DEFLATE required for png
+   // window = 1 << (8 + cinfo)... but who cares, we fully buffer output
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static const stbi_uc stbi__zdefault_length[STBI__ZNSYMS] =
+{
+   8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8, 8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,
+   8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8, 8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,
+   8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8, 8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,
+   8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8, 8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,
+   8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8, 9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,
+   9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9, 9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,
+   9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9, 9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,
+   9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9, 9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,
+   7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7, 7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8
+};
+static const stbi_uc stbi__zdefault_distance[32] =
+{
+   5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5
+};
+/*
+Init algorithm:
+{
+   int i;   // use <= to match clearly with spec
+   for (i=0; i <= 143; ++i)     stbi__zdefault_length[i]   = 8;
+   for (   ; i <= 255; ++i)     stbi__zdefault_length[i]   = 9;
+   for (   ; i <= 279; ++i)     stbi__zdefault_length[i]   = 7;
+   for (   ; i <= 287; ++i)     stbi__zdefault_length[i]   = 8;
+
+   for (i=0; i <=  31; ++i)     stbi__zdefault_distance[i] = 5;
+}
+*/
+
+static int stbi__parse_zlib(stbi__zbuf *a, int parse_header)
+{
+   int final, type;
+   if (parse_header)
+      if (!stbi__parse_zlib_header(a)) return 0;
+   a->num_bits = 0;
+   a->code_buffer = 0;
+   a->hit_zeof_once = 0;
+   do {
+      final = stbi__zreceive(a,1);
+      type = stbi__zreceive(a,2);
+      if (type == 0) {
+         if (!stbi__parse_uncompressed_block(a)) return 0;
+      } else if (type == 3) {
+         return 0;
+      } else {
+         if (type == 1) {
+            // use fixed code lengths
+            if (!stbi__zbuild_huffman(&a->z_length  , stbi__zdefault_length  , STBI__ZNSYMS)) return 0;
+            if (!stbi__zbuild_huffman(&a->z_distance, stbi__zdefault_distance,  32)) return 0;
+         } else {
+            if (!stbi__compute_huffman_codes(a)) return 0;
+         }
+         if (!stbi__parse_huffman_block(a)) return 0;
+      }
+   } while (!final);
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__do_zlib(stbi__zbuf *a, char *obuf, int olen, int exp, int parse_header)
+{
+   a->zout_start = obuf;
+   a->zout       = obuf;
+   a->zout_end   = obuf + olen;
+   a->z_expandable = exp;
+
+   return stbi__parse_zlib(a, parse_header);
+}
+
+STBIDEF char *stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize(const char *buffer, int len, int initial_size, int *outlen)
+{
+   stbi__zbuf a;
+   char *p = (char *) stbi__malloc(initial_size);
+   if (p == NULL) return NULL;
+   a.zbuffer = (stbi_uc *) buffer;
+   a.zbuffer_end = (stbi_uc *) buffer + len;
+   if (stbi__do_zlib(&a, p, initial_size, 1, 1)) {
+      if (outlen) *outlen = (int) (a.zout - a.zout_start);
+      return a.zout_start;
+   } else {
+      STBI_FREE(a.zout_start);
+      return NULL;
+   }
+}
+
+STBIDEF char *stbi_zlib_decode_malloc(char const *buffer, int len, int *outlen)
+{
+   return stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize(buffer, len, 16384, outlen);
+}
+
+STBIDEF char *stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize_headerflag(const char *buffer, int len, int initial_size, int *outlen, int parse_header)
+{
+   stbi__zbuf a;
+   char *p = (char *) stbi__malloc(initial_size);
+   if (p == NULL) return NULL;
+   a.zbuffer = (stbi_uc *) buffer;
+   a.zbuffer_end = (stbi_uc *) buffer + len;
+   if (stbi__do_zlib(&a, p, initial_size, 1, parse_header)) {
+      if (outlen) *outlen = (int) (a.zout - a.zout_start);
+      return a.zout_start;
+   } else {
+      STBI_FREE(a.zout_start);
+      return NULL;
+   }
+}
+
+STBIDEF int stbi_zlib_decode_buffer(char *obuffer, int olen, char const *ibuffer, int ilen)
+{
+   stbi__zbuf a;
+   a.zbuffer = (stbi_uc *) ibuffer;
+   a.zbuffer_end = (stbi_uc *) ibuffer + ilen;
+   if (stbi__do_zlib(&a, obuffer, olen, 0, 1))
+      return (int) (a.zout - a.zout_start);
+   else
+      return -1;
+}
+
+STBIDEF char *stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_malloc(char const *buffer, int len, int *outlen)
+{
+   stbi__zbuf a;
+   char *p = (char *) stbi__malloc(16384);
+   if (p == NULL) return NULL;
+   a.zbuffer = (stbi_uc *) buffer;
+   a.zbuffer_end = (stbi_uc *) buffer+len;
+   if (stbi__do_zlib(&a, p, 16384, 1, 0)) {
+      if (outlen) *outlen = (int) (a.zout - a.zout_start);
+      return a.zout_start;
+   } else {
+      STBI_FREE(a.zout_start);
+      return NULL;
+   }
+}
+
+STBIDEF int stbi_zlib_decode_noheader_buffer(char *obuffer, int olen, const char *ibuffer, int ilen)
+{
+   stbi__zbuf a;
+   a.zbuffer = (stbi_uc *) ibuffer;
+   a.zbuffer_end = (stbi_uc *) ibuffer + ilen;
+   if (stbi__do_zlib(&a, obuffer, olen, 0, 0))
+      return (int) (a.zout - a.zout_start);
+   else
+      return -1;
+}
+#endif
+
+// public domain "baseline" PNG decoder   v0.10  Sean Barrett 2006-11-18
+//    simple implementation
+//      - only 8-bit samples
+//      - no CRC checking
+//      - allocates lots of intermediate memory
+//        - avoids problem of streaming data between subsystems
+//        - avoids explicit window management
+//    performance
+//      - uses stb_zlib, a PD zlib implementation with fast huffman decoding
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_PNG
+typedef struct
+{
+   stbi__uint32 length;
+   stbi__uint32 type;
+} stbi__pngchunk;
+
+static stbi__pngchunk stbi__get_chunk_header(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   stbi__pngchunk c;
+   c.length = stbi__get32be(s);
+   c.type   = stbi__get32be(s);
+   return c;
+}
+
+static int stbi__check_png_header(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   static const stbi_uc png_sig[8] = { 137,80,78,71,13,10,26,10 };
+   int i;
+   for (i=0; i < 8; ++i)
+      if (stbi__get8(s) != png_sig[i]) return stbi__err("bad png sig","Not a PNG");
+   return 1;
+}
+
+typedef struct
+{
+   stbi__context *s;
+   stbi_uc *idata, *expanded, *out;
+   int depth;
+} stbi__png;
+
+
+enum {
+   STBI__F_none=0,
+   STBI__F_sub=1,
+   STBI__F_up=2,
+   STBI__F_avg=3,
+   STBI__F_paeth=4,
+   // synthetic filter used for first scanline to avoid needing a dummy row of 0s
+   STBI__F_avg_first
+};
+
+static stbi_uc first_row_filter[5] =
+{
+   STBI__F_none,
+   STBI__F_sub,
+   STBI__F_none,
+   STBI__F_avg_first,
+   STBI__F_sub // Paeth with b=c=0 turns out to be equivalent to sub
+};
+
+static int stbi__paeth(int a, int b, int c)
+{
+   // This formulation looks very different from the reference in the PNG spec, but is
+   // actually equivalent and has favorable data dependencies and admits straightforward
+   // generation of branch-free code, which helps performance significantly.
+   int thresh = c*3 - (a + b);
+   int lo = a < b ? a : b;
+   int hi = a < b ? b : a;
+   int t0 = (hi <= thresh) ? lo : c;
+   int t1 = (thresh <= lo) ? hi : t0;
+   return t1;
+}
+
+static const stbi_uc stbi__depth_scale_table[9] = { 0, 0xff, 0x55, 0, 0x11, 0,0,0, 0x01 };
+
+// adds an extra all-255 alpha channel
+// dest == src is legal
+// img_n must be 1 or 3
+static void stbi__create_png_alpha_expand8(stbi_uc *dest, stbi_uc *src, stbi__uint32 x, int img_n)
+{
+   int i;
+   // must process data backwards since we allow dest==src
+   if (img_n == 1) {
+      for (i=x-1; i >= 0; --i) {
+         dest[i*2+1] = 255;
+         dest[i*2+0] = src[i];
+      }
+   } else {
+      STBI_ASSERT(img_n == 3);
+      for (i=x-1; i >= 0; --i) {
+         dest[i*4+3] = 255;
+         dest[i*4+2] = src[i*3+2];
+         dest[i*4+1] = src[i*3+1];
+         dest[i*4+0] = src[i*3+0];
+      }
+   }
+}
+
+// create the png data from post-deflated data
+static int stbi__create_png_image_raw(stbi__png *a, stbi_uc *raw, stbi__uint32 raw_len, int out_n, stbi__uint32 x, stbi__uint32 y, int depth, int color)
+{
+   int bytes = (depth == 16 ? 2 : 1);
+   stbi__context *s = a->s;
+   stbi__uint32 i,j,stride = x*out_n*bytes;
+   stbi__uint32 img_len, img_width_bytes;
+   stbi_uc *filter_buf;
+   int all_ok = 1;
+   int k;
+   int img_n = s->img_n; // copy it into a local for later
+
+   int output_bytes = out_n*bytes;
+   int filter_bytes = img_n*bytes;
+   int width = x;
+
+   STBI_ASSERT(out_n == s->img_n || out_n == s->img_n+1);
+   a->out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad3(x, y, output_bytes, 0); // extra bytes to write off the end into
+   if (!a->out) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+
+   // note: error exits here don't need to clean up a->out individually,
+   // stbi__do_png always does on error.
+   if (!stbi__mad3sizes_valid(img_n, x, depth, 7)) return stbi__err("too large", "Corrupt PNG");
+   img_width_bytes = (((img_n * x * depth) + 7) >> 3);
+   if (!stbi__mad2sizes_valid(img_width_bytes, y, img_width_bytes)) return stbi__err("too large", "Corrupt PNG");
+   img_len = (img_width_bytes + 1) * y;
+
+   // we used to check for exact match between raw_len and img_len on non-interlaced PNGs,
+   // but issue #276 reported a PNG in the wild that had extra data at the end (all zeros),
+   // so just check for raw_len < img_len always.
+   if (raw_len < img_len) return stbi__err("not enough pixels","Corrupt PNG");
+
+   // Allocate two scan lines worth of filter workspace buffer.
+   filter_buf = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad2(img_width_bytes, 2, 0);
+   if (!filter_buf) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+
+   // Filtering for low-bit-depth images
+   if (depth < 8) {
+      filter_bytes = 1;
+      width = img_width_bytes;
+   }
+
+   for (j=0; j < y; ++j) {
+      // cur/prior filter buffers alternate
+      stbi_uc *cur = filter_buf + (j & 1)*img_width_bytes;
+      stbi_uc *prior = filter_buf + (~j & 1)*img_width_bytes;
+      stbi_uc *dest = a->out + stride*j;
+      int nk = width * filter_bytes;
+      int filter = *raw++;
+
+      // check filter type
+      if (filter > 4) {
+         all_ok = stbi__err("invalid filter","Corrupt PNG");
+         break;
+      }
+
+      // if first row, use special filter that doesn't sample previous row
+      if (j == 0) filter = first_row_filter[filter];
+
+      // perform actual filtering
+      switch (filter) {
+      case STBI__F_none:
+         memcpy(cur, raw, nk);
+         break;
+      case STBI__F_sub:
+         memcpy(cur, raw, filter_bytes);
+         for (k = filter_bytes; k < nk; ++k)
+            cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(raw[k] + cur[k-filter_bytes]);
+         break;
+      case STBI__F_up:
+         for (k = 0; k < nk; ++k)
+            cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(raw[k] + prior[k]);
+         break;
+      case STBI__F_avg:
+         for (k = 0; k < filter_bytes; ++k)
+            cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(raw[k] + (prior[k]>>1));
+         for (k = filter_bytes; k < nk; ++k)
+            cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(raw[k] + ((prior[k] + cur[k-filter_bytes])>>1));
+         break;
+      case STBI__F_paeth:
+         for (k = 0; k < filter_bytes; ++k)
+            cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(raw[k] + prior[k]); // prior[k] == stbi__paeth(0,prior[k],0)
+         for (k = filter_bytes; k < nk; ++k)
+            cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(raw[k] + stbi__paeth(cur[k-filter_bytes], prior[k], prior[k-filter_bytes]));
+         break;
+      case STBI__F_avg_first:
+         memcpy(cur, raw, filter_bytes);
+         for (k = filter_bytes; k < nk; ++k)
+            cur[k] = STBI__BYTECAST(raw[k] + (cur[k-filter_bytes] >> 1));
+         break;
+      }
+
+      raw += nk;
+
+      // expand decoded bits in cur to dest, also adding an extra alpha channel if desired
+      if (depth < 8) {
+         stbi_uc scale = (color == 0) ? stbi__depth_scale_table[depth] : 1; // scale grayscale values to 0..255 range
+         stbi_uc *in = cur;
+         stbi_uc *out = dest;
+         stbi_uc inb = 0;
+         stbi__uint32 nsmp = x*img_n;
+
+         // expand bits to bytes first
+         if (depth == 4) {
+            for (i=0; i < nsmp; ++i) {
+               if ((i & 1) == 0) inb = *in++;
+               *out++ = scale * (inb >> 4);
+               inb <<= 4;
+            }
+         } else if (depth == 2) {
+            for (i=0; i < nsmp; ++i) {
+               if ((i & 3) == 0) inb = *in++;
+               *out++ = scale * (inb >> 6);
+               inb <<= 2;
+            }
+         } else {
+            STBI_ASSERT(depth == 1);
+            for (i=0; i < nsmp; ++i) {
+               if ((i & 7) == 0) inb = *in++;
+               *out++ = scale * (inb >> 7);
+               inb <<= 1;
+            }
+         }
+
+         // insert alpha=255 values if desired
+         if (img_n != out_n)
+            stbi__create_png_alpha_expand8(dest, dest, x, img_n);
+      } else if (depth == 8) {
+         if (img_n == out_n)
+            memcpy(dest, cur, x*img_n);
+         else
+            stbi__create_png_alpha_expand8(dest, cur, x, img_n);
+      } else if (depth == 16) {
+         // convert the image data from big-endian to platform-native
+         stbi__uint16 *dest16 = (stbi__uint16*)dest;
+         stbi__uint32 nsmp = x*img_n;
+
+         if (img_n == out_n) {
+            for (i = 0; i < nsmp; ++i, ++dest16, cur += 2)
+               *dest16 = (cur[0] << 8) | cur[1];
+         } else {
+            STBI_ASSERT(img_n+1 == out_n);
+            if (img_n == 1) {
+               for (i = 0; i < x; ++i, dest16 += 2, cur += 2) {
+                  dest16[0] = (cur[0] << 8) | cur[1];
+                  dest16[1] = 0xffff;
+               }
+            } else {
+               STBI_ASSERT(img_n == 3);
+               for (i = 0; i < x; ++i, dest16 += 4, cur += 6) {
+                  dest16[0] = (cur[0] << 8) | cur[1];
+                  dest16[1] = (cur[2] << 8) | cur[3];
+                  dest16[2] = (cur[4] << 8) | cur[5];
+                  dest16[3] = 0xffff;
+               }
+            }
+         }
+      }
+   }
+
+   STBI_FREE(filter_buf);
+   if (!all_ok) return 0;
+
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__create_png_image(stbi__png *a, stbi_uc *image_data, stbi__uint32 image_data_len, int out_n, int depth, int color, int interlaced)
+{
+   int bytes = (depth == 16 ? 2 : 1);
+   int out_bytes = out_n * bytes;
+   stbi_uc *final;
+   int p;
+   if (!interlaced)
+      return stbi__create_png_image_raw(a, image_data, image_data_len, out_n, a->s->img_x, a->s->img_y, depth, color);
+
+   // de-interlacing
+   final = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad3(a->s->img_x, a->s->img_y, out_bytes, 0);
+   if (!final) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+   for (p=0; p < 7; ++p) {
+      int xorig[] = { 0,4,0,2,0,1,0 };
+      int yorig[] = { 0,0,4,0,2,0,1 };
+      int xspc[]  = { 8,8,4,4,2,2,1 };
+      int yspc[]  = { 8,8,8,4,4,2,2 };
+      int i,j,x,y;
+      // pass1_x[4] = 0, pass1_x[5] = 1, pass1_x[12] = 1
+      x = (a->s->img_x - xorig[p] + xspc[p]-1) / xspc[p];
+      y = (a->s->img_y - yorig[p] + yspc[p]-1) / yspc[p];
+      if (x && y) {
+         stbi__uint32 img_len = ((((a->s->img_n * x * depth) + 7) >> 3) + 1) * y;
+         if (!stbi__create_png_image_raw(a, image_data, image_data_len, out_n, x, y, depth, color)) {
+            STBI_FREE(final);
+            return 0;
+         }
+         for (j=0; j < y; ++j) {
+            for (i=0; i < x; ++i) {
+               int out_y = j*yspc[p]+yorig[p];
+               int out_x = i*xspc[p]+xorig[p];
+               memcpy(final + out_y*a->s->img_x*out_bytes + out_x*out_bytes,
+                      a->out + (j*x+i)*out_bytes, out_bytes);
+            }
+         }
+         STBI_FREE(a->out);
+         image_data += img_len;
+         image_data_len -= img_len;
+      }
+   }
+   a->out = final;
+
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__compute_transparency(stbi__png *z, stbi_uc tc[3], int out_n)
+{
+   stbi__context *s = z->s;
+   stbi__uint32 i, pixel_count = s->img_x * s->img_y;
+   stbi_uc *p = z->out;
+
+   // compute color-based transparency, assuming we've
+   // already got 255 as the alpha value in the output
+   STBI_ASSERT(out_n == 2 || out_n == 4);
+
+   if (out_n == 2) {
+      for (i=0; i < pixel_count; ++i) {
+         p[1] = (p[0] == tc[0] ? 0 : 255);
+         p += 2;
+      }
+   } else {
+      for (i=0; i < pixel_count; ++i) {
+         if (p[0] == tc[0] && p[1] == tc[1] && p[2] == tc[2])
+            p[3] = 0;
+         p += 4;
+      }
+   }
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__compute_transparency16(stbi__png *z, stbi__uint16 tc[3], int out_n)
+{
+   stbi__context *s = z->s;
+   stbi__uint32 i, pixel_count = s->img_x * s->img_y;
+   stbi__uint16 *p = (stbi__uint16*) z->out;
+
+   // compute color-based transparency, assuming we've
+   // already got 65535 as the alpha value in the output
+   STBI_ASSERT(out_n == 2 || out_n == 4);
+
+   if (out_n == 2) {
+      for (i = 0; i < pixel_count; ++i) {
+         p[1] = (p[0] == tc[0] ? 0 : 65535);
+         p += 2;
+      }
+   } else {
+      for (i = 0; i < pixel_count; ++i) {
+         if (p[0] == tc[0] && p[1] == tc[1] && p[2] == tc[2])
+            p[3] = 0;
+         p += 4;
+      }
+   }
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__expand_png_palette(stbi__png *a, stbi_uc *palette, int len, int pal_img_n)
+{
+   stbi__uint32 i, pixel_count = a->s->img_x * a->s->img_y;
+   stbi_uc *p, *temp_out, *orig = a->out;
+
+   p = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad2(pixel_count, pal_img_n, 0);
+   if (p == NULL) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+
+   // between here and free(out) below, exitting would leak
+   temp_out = p;
+
+   if (pal_img_n == 3) {
+      for (i=0; i < pixel_count; ++i) {
+         int n = orig[i]*4;
+         p[0] = palette[n  ];
+         p[1] = palette[n+1];
+         p[2] = palette[n+2];
+         p += 3;
+      }
+   } else {
+      for (i=0; i < pixel_count; ++i) {
+         int n = orig[i]*4;
+         p[0] = palette[n  ];
+         p[1] = palette[n+1];
+         p[2] = palette[n+2];
+         p[3] = palette[n+3];
+         p += 4;
+      }
+   }
+   STBI_FREE(a->out);
+   a->out = temp_out;
+
+   STBI_NOTUSED(len);
+
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_global = 0;
+static int stbi__de_iphone_flag_global = 0;
+
+STBIDEF void stbi_set_unpremultiply_on_load(int flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply)
+{
+   stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_global = flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply;
+}
+
+STBIDEF void stbi_convert_iphone_png_to_rgb(int flag_true_if_should_convert)
+{
+   stbi__de_iphone_flag_global = flag_true_if_should_convert;
+}
+
+#ifndef STBI_THREAD_LOCAL
+#define stbi__unpremultiply_on_load  stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_global
+#define stbi__de_iphone_flag  stbi__de_iphone_flag_global
+#else
+static STBI_THREAD_LOCAL int stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_local, stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_set;
+static STBI_THREAD_LOCAL int stbi__de_iphone_flag_local, stbi__de_iphone_flag_set;
+
+STBIDEF void stbi_set_unpremultiply_on_load_thread(int flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply)
+{
+   stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_local = flag_true_if_should_unpremultiply;
+   stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_set = 1;
+}
+
+STBIDEF void stbi_convert_iphone_png_to_rgb_thread(int flag_true_if_should_convert)
+{
+   stbi__de_iphone_flag_local = flag_true_if_should_convert;
+   stbi__de_iphone_flag_set = 1;
+}
+
+#define stbi__unpremultiply_on_load  (stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_set           \
+                                       ? stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_local      \
+                                       : stbi__unpremultiply_on_load_global)
+#define stbi__de_iphone_flag  (stbi__de_iphone_flag_set                         \
+                                ? stbi__de_iphone_flag_local                    \
+                                : stbi__de_iphone_flag_global)
+#endif // STBI_THREAD_LOCAL
+
+static void stbi__de_iphone(stbi__png *z)
+{
+   stbi__context *s = z->s;
+   stbi__uint32 i, pixel_count = s->img_x * s->img_y;
+   stbi_uc *p = z->out;
+
+   if (s->img_out_n == 3) {  // convert bgr to rgb
+      for (i=0; i < pixel_count; ++i) {
+         stbi_uc t = p[0];
+         p[0] = p[2];
+         p[2] = t;
+         p += 3;
+      }
+   } else {
+      STBI_ASSERT(s->img_out_n == 4);
+      if (stbi__unpremultiply_on_load) {
+         // convert bgr to rgb and unpremultiply
+         for (i=0; i < pixel_count; ++i) {
+            stbi_uc a = p[3];
+            stbi_uc t = p[0];
+            if (a) {
+               stbi_uc half = a / 2;
+               p[0] = (p[2] * 255 + half) / a;
+               p[1] = (p[1] * 255 + half) / a;
+               p[2] = ( t   * 255 + half) / a;
+            } else {
+               p[0] = p[2];
+               p[2] = t;
+            }
+            p += 4;
+         }
+      } else {
+         // convert bgr to rgb
+         for (i=0; i < pixel_count; ++i) {
+            stbi_uc t = p[0];
+            p[0] = p[2];
+            p[2] = t;
+            p += 4;
+         }
+      }
+   }
+}
+
+#define STBI__PNG_TYPE(a,b,c,d)  (((unsigned) (a) << 24) + ((unsigned) (b) << 16) + ((unsigned) (c) << 8) + (unsigned) (d))
+
+static int stbi__parse_png_file(stbi__png *z, int scan, int req_comp)
+{
+   stbi_uc palette[1024], pal_img_n=0;
+   stbi_uc has_trans=0, tc[3]={0};
+   stbi__uint16 tc16[3];
+   stbi__uint32 ioff=0, idata_limit=0, i, pal_len=0;
+   int first=1,k,interlace=0, color=0, is_iphone=0;
+   stbi__context *s = z->s;
+
+   z->expanded = NULL;
+   z->idata = NULL;
+   z->out = NULL;
+
+   if (!stbi__check_png_header(s)) return 0;
+
+   if (scan == STBI__SCAN_type) return 1;
+
+   for (;;) {
+      stbi__pngchunk c = stbi__get_chunk_header(s);
+      switch (c.type) {
+         case STBI__PNG_TYPE('C','g','B','I'):
+            is_iphone = 1;
+            stbi__skip(s, c.length);
+            break;
+         case STBI__PNG_TYPE('I','H','D','R'): {
+            int comp,filter;
+            if (!first) return stbi__err("multiple IHDR","Corrupt PNG");
+            first = 0;
+            if (c.length != 13) return stbi__err("bad IHDR len","Corrupt PNG");
+            s->img_x = stbi__get32be(s);
+            s->img_y = stbi__get32be(s);
+            if (s->img_y > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__err("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+            if (s->img_x > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__err("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+            z->depth = stbi__get8(s);  if (z->depth != 1 && z->depth != 2 && z->depth != 4 && z->depth != 8 && z->depth != 16)  return stbi__err("1/2/4/8/16-bit only","PNG not supported: 1/2/4/8/16-bit only");
+            color = stbi__get8(s);  if (color > 6)         return stbi__err("bad ctype","Corrupt PNG");
+            if (color == 3 && z->depth == 16)                  return stbi__err("bad ctype","Corrupt PNG");
+            if (color == 3) pal_img_n = 3; else if (color & 1) return stbi__err("bad ctype","Corrupt PNG");
+            comp  = stbi__get8(s);  if (comp) return stbi__err("bad comp method","Corrupt PNG");
+            filter= stbi__get8(s);  if (filter) return stbi__err("bad filter method","Corrupt PNG");
+            interlace = stbi__get8(s); if (interlace>1) return stbi__err("bad interlace method","Corrupt PNG");
+            if (!s->img_x || !s->img_y) return stbi__err("0-pixel image","Corrupt PNG");
+            if (!pal_img_n) {
+               s->img_n = (color & 2 ? 3 : 1) + (color & 4 ? 1 : 0);
+               if ((1 << 30) / s->img_x / s->img_n < s->img_y) return stbi__err("too large", "Image too large to decode");
+            } else {
+               // if paletted, then pal_n is our final components, and
+               // img_n is # components to decompress/filter.
+               s->img_n = 1;
+               if ((1 << 30) / s->img_x / 4 < s->img_y) return stbi__err("too large","Corrupt PNG");
+            }
+            // even with SCAN_header, have to scan to see if we have a tRNS
+            break;
+         }
+
+         case STBI__PNG_TYPE('P','L','T','E'):  {
+            if (first) return stbi__err("first not IHDR", "Corrupt PNG");
+            if (c.length > 256*3) return stbi__err("invalid PLTE","Corrupt PNG");
+            pal_len = c.length / 3;
+            if (pal_len * 3 != c.length) return stbi__err("invalid PLTE","Corrupt PNG");
+            for (i=0; i < pal_len; ++i) {
+               palette[i*4+0] = stbi__get8(s);
+               palette[i*4+1] = stbi__get8(s);
+               palette[i*4+2] = stbi__get8(s);
+               palette[i*4+3] = 255;
+            }
+            break;
+         }
+
+         case STBI__PNG_TYPE('t','R','N','S'): {
+            if (first) return stbi__err("first not IHDR", "Corrupt PNG");
+            if (z->idata) return stbi__err("tRNS after IDAT","Corrupt PNG");
+            if (pal_img_n) {
+               if (scan == STBI__SCAN_header) { s->img_n = 4; return 1; }
+               if (pal_len == 0) return stbi__err("tRNS before PLTE","Corrupt PNG");
+               if (c.length > pal_len) return stbi__err("bad tRNS len","Corrupt PNG");
+               pal_img_n = 4;
+               for (i=0; i < c.length; ++i)
+                  palette[i*4+3] = stbi__get8(s);
+            } else {
+               if (!(s->img_n & 1)) return stbi__err("tRNS with alpha","Corrupt PNG");
+               if (c.length != (stbi__uint32) s->img_n*2) return stbi__err("bad tRNS len","Corrupt PNG");
+               has_trans = 1;
+               // non-paletted with tRNS = constant alpha. if header-scanning, we can stop now.
+               if (scan == STBI__SCAN_header) { ++s->img_n; return 1; }
+               if (z->depth == 16) {
+                  for (k = 0; k < s->img_n && k < 3; ++k) // extra loop test to suppress false GCC warning
+                     tc16[k] = (stbi__uint16)stbi__get16be(s); // copy the values as-is
+               } else {
+                  for (k = 0; k < s->img_n && k < 3; ++k)
+                     tc[k] = (stbi_uc)(stbi__get16be(s) & 255) * stbi__depth_scale_table[z->depth]; // non 8-bit images will be larger
+               }
+            }
+            break;
+         }
+
+         case STBI__PNG_TYPE('I','D','A','T'): {
+            if (first) return stbi__err("first not IHDR", "Corrupt PNG");
+            if (pal_img_n && !pal_len) return stbi__err("no PLTE","Corrupt PNG");
+            if (scan == STBI__SCAN_header) {
+               // header scan definitely stops at first IDAT
+               if (pal_img_n)
+                  s->img_n = pal_img_n;
+               return 1;
+            }
+            if (c.length > (1u << 30)) return stbi__err("IDAT size limit", "IDAT section larger than 2^30 bytes");
+            if ((int)(ioff + c.length) < (int)ioff) return 0;
+            if (ioff + c.length > idata_limit) {
+               stbi__uint32 idata_limit_old = idata_limit;
+               stbi_uc *p;
+               if (idata_limit == 0) idata_limit = c.length > 4096 ? c.length : 4096;
+               while (ioff + c.length > idata_limit)
+                  idata_limit *= 2;
+               STBI_NOTUSED(idata_limit_old);
+               p = (stbi_uc *) STBI_REALLOC_SIZED(z->idata, idata_limit_old, idata_limit); if (p == NULL) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+               z->idata = p;
+            }
+            if (!stbi__getn(s, z->idata+ioff,c.length)) return stbi__err("outofdata","Corrupt PNG");
+            ioff += c.length;
+            break;
+         }
+
+         case STBI__PNG_TYPE('I','E','N','D'): {
+            stbi__uint32 raw_len, bpl;
+            if (first) return stbi__err("first not IHDR", "Corrupt PNG");
+            if (scan != STBI__SCAN_load) return 1;
+            if (z->idata == NULL) return stbi__err("no IDAT","Corrupt PNG");
+            // initial guess for decoded data size to avoid unnecessary reallocs
+            bpl = (s->img_x * z->depth + 7) / 8; // bytes per line, per component
+            raw_len = bpl * s->img_y * s->img_n /* pixels */ + s->img_y /* filter mode per row */;
+            z->expanded = (stbi_uc *) stbi_zlib_decode_malloc_guesssize_headerflag((char *) z->idata, ioff, raw_len, (int *) &raw_len, !is_iphone);
+            if (z->expanded == NULL) return 0; // zlib should set error
+            STBI_FREE(z->idata); z->idata = NULL;
+            if ((req_comp == s->img_n+1 && req_comp != 3 && !pal_img_n) || has_trans)
+               s->img_out_n = s->img_n+1;
+            else
+               s->img_out_n = s->img_n;
+            if (!stbi__create_png_image(z, z->expanded, raw_len, s->img_out_n, z->depth, color, interlace)) return 0;
+            if (has_trans) {
+               if (z->depth == 16) {
+                  if (!stbi__compute_transparency16(z, tc16, s->img_out_n)) return 0;
+               } else {
+                  if (!stbi__compute_transparency(z, tc, s->img_out_n)) return 0;
+               }
+            }
+            if (is_iphone && stbi__de_iphone_flag && s->img_out_n > 2)
+               stbi__de_iphone(z);
+            if (pal_img_n) {
+               // pal_img_n == 3 or 4
+               s->img_n = pal_img_n; // record the actual colors we had
+               s->img_out_n = pal_img_n;
+               if (req_comp >= 3) s->img_out_n = req_comp;
+               if (!stbi__expand_png_palette(z, palette, pal_len, s->img_out_n))
+                  return 0;
+            } else if (has_trans) {
+               // non-paletted image with tRNS -> source image has (constant) alpha
+               ++s->img_n;
+            }
+            STBI_FREE(z->expanded); z->expanded = NULL;
+            // end of PNG chunk, read and skip CRC
+            stbi__get32be(s);
+            return 1;
+         }
+
+         default:
+            // if critical, fail
+            if (first) return stbi__err("first not IHDR", "Corrupt PNG");
+            if ((c.type & (1 << 29)) == 0) {
+               #ifndef STBI_NO_FAILURE_STRINGS
+               // not threadsafe
+               static char invalid_chunk[] = "XXXX PNG chunk not known";
+               invalid_chunk[0] = STBI__BYTECAST(c.type >> 24);
+               invalid_chunk[1] = STBI__BYTECAST(c.type >> 16);
+               invalid_chunk[2] = STBI__BYTECAST(c.type >>  8);
+               invalid_chunk[3] = STBI__BYTECAST(c.type >>  0);
+               #endif
+               return stbi__err(invalid_chunk, "PNG not supported: unknown PNG chunk type");
+            }
+            stbi__skip(s, c.length);
+            break;
+      }
+      // end of PNG chunk, read and skip CRC
+      stbi__get32be(s);
+   }
+}
+
+static void *stbi__do_png(stbi__png *p, int *x, int *y, int *n, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri)
+{
+   void *result=NULL;
+   if (req_comp < 0 || req_comp > 4) return stbi__errpuc("bad req_comp", "Internal error");
+   if (stbi__parse_png_file(p, STBI__SCAN_load, req_comp)) {
+      if (p->depth <= 8)
+         ri->bits_per_channel = 8;
+      else if (p->depth == 16)
+         ri->bits_per_channel = 16;
+      else
+         return stbi__errpuc("bad bits_per_channel", "PNG not supported: unsupported color depth");
+      result = p->out;
+      p->out = NULL;
+      if (req_comp && req_comp != p->s->img_out_n) {
+         if (ri->bits_per_channel == 8)
+            result = stbi__convert_format((unsigned char *) result, p->s->img_out_n, req_comp, p->s->img_x, p->s->img_y);
+         else
+            result = stbi__convert_format16((stbi__uint16 *) result, p->s->img_out_n, req_comp, p->s->img_x, p->s->img_y);
+         p->s->img_out_n = req_comp;
+         if (result == NULL) return result;
+      }
+      *x = p->s->img_x;
+      *y = p->s->img_y;
+      if (n) *n = p->s->img_n;
+   }
+   STBI_FREE(p->out);      p->out      = NULL;
+   STBI_FREE(p->expanded); p->expanded = NULL;
+   STBI_FREE(p->idata);    p->idata    = NULL;
+
+   return result;
+}
+
+static void *stbi__png_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri)
+{
+   stbi__png p;
+   p.s = s;
+   return stbi__do_png(&p, x,y,comp,req_comp, ri);
+}
+
+static int stbi__png_test(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   int r;
+   r = stbi__check_png_header(s);
+   stbi__rewind(s);
+   return r;
+}
+
+static int stbi__png_info_raw(stbi__png *p, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+   if (!stbi__parse_png_file(p, STBI__SCAN_header, 0)) {
+      stbi__rewind( p->s );
+      return 0;
+   }
+   if (x) *x = p->s->img_x;
+   if (y) *y = p->s->img_y;
+   if (comp) *comp = p->s->img_n;
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__png_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+   stbi__png p;
+   p.s = s;
+   return stbi__png_info_raw(&p, x, y, comp);
+}
+
+static int stbi__png_is16(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   stbi__png p;
+   p.s = s;
+   if (!stbi__png_info_raw(&p, NULL, NULL, NULL))
+           return 0;
+   if (p.depth != 16) {
+      stbi__rewind(p.s);
+      return 0;
+   }
+   return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+// Microsoft/Windows BMP image
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_BMP
+static int stbi__bmp_test_raw(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   int r;
+   int sz;
+   if (stbi__get8(s) != 'B') return 0;
+   if (stbi__get8(s) != 'M') return 0;
+   stbi__get32le(s); // discard filesize
+   stbi__get16le(s); // discard reserved
+   stbi__get16le(s); // discard reserved
+   stbi__get32le(s); // discard data offset
+   sz = stbi__get32le(s);
+   r = (sz == 12 || sz == 40 || sz == 56 || sz == 108 || sz == 124);
+   return r;
+}
+
+static int stbi__bmp_test(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   int r = stbi__bmp_test_raw(s);
+   stbi__rewind(s);
+   return r;
+}
+
+
+// returns 0..31 for the highest set bit
+static int stbi__high_bit(unsigned int z)
+{
+   int n=0;
+   if (z == 0) return -1;
+   if (z >= 0x10000) { n += 16; z >>= 16; }
+   if (z >= 0x00100) { n +=  8; z >>=  8; }
+   if (z >= 0x00010) { n +=  4; z >>=  4; }
+   if (z >= 0x00004) { n +=  2; z >>=  2; }
+   if (z >= 0x00002) { n +=  1;/* >>=  1;*/ }
+   return n;
+}
+
+static int stbi__bitcount(unsigned int a)
+{
+   a = (a & 0x55555555) + ((a >>  1) & 0x55555555); // max 2
+   a = (a & 0x33333333) + ((a >>  2) & 0x33333333); // max 4
+   a = (a + (a >> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f; // max 8 per 4, now 8 bits
+   a = (a + (a >> 8)); // max 16 per 8 bits
+   a = (a + (a >> 16)); // max 32 per 8 bits
+   return a & 0xff;
+}
+
+// extract an arbitrarily-aligned N-bit value (N=bits)
+// from v, and then make it 8-bits long and fractionally
+// extend it to full full range.
+static int stbi__shiftsigned(unsigned int v, int shift, int bits)
+{
+   static unsigned int mul_table[9] = {
+      0,
+      0xff/*0b11111111*/, 0x55/*0b01010101*/, 0x49/*0b01001001*/, 0x11/*0b00010001*/,
+      0x21/*0b00100001*/, 0x41/*0b01000001*/, 0x81/*0b10000001*/, 0x01/*0b00000001*/,
+   };
+   static unsigned int shift_table[9] = {
+      0, 0,0,1,0,2,4,6,0,
+   };
+   if (shift < 0)
+      v <<= -shift;
+   else
+      v >>= shift;
+   STBI_ASSERT(v < 256);
+   v >>= (8-bits);
+   STBI_ASSERT(bits >= 0 && bits <= 8);
+   return (int) ((unsigned) v * mul_table[bits]) >> shift_table[bits];
+}
+
+typedef struct
+{
+   int bpp, offset, hsz;
+   unsigned int mr,mg,mb,ma, all_a;
+   int extra_read;
+} stbi__bmp_data;
+
+static int stbi__bmp_set_mask_defaults(stbi__bmp_data *info, int compress)
+{
+   // BI_BITFIELDS specifies masks explicitly, don't override
+   if (compress == 3)
+      return 1;
+
+   if (compress == 0) {
+      if (info->bpp == 16) {
+         info->mr = 31u << 10;
+         info->mg = 31u <<  5;
+         info->mb = 31u <<  0;
+      } else if (info->bpp == 32) {
+         info->mr = 0xffu << 16;
+         info->mg = 0xffu <<  8;
+         info->mb = 0xffu <<  0;
+         info->ma = 0xffu << 24;
+         info->all_a = 0; // if all_a is 0 at end, then we loaded alpha channel but it was all 0
+      } else {
+         // otherwise, use defaults, which is all-0
+         info->mr = info->mg = info->mb = info->ma = 0;
+      }
+      return 1;
+   }
+   return 0; // error
+}
+
+static void *stbi__bmp_parse_header(stbi__context *s, stbi__bmp_data *info)
+{
+   int hsz;
+   if (stbi__get8(s) != 'B' || stbi__get8(s) != 'M') return stbi__errpuc("not BMP", "Corrupt BMP");
+   stbi__get32le(s); // discard filesize
+   stbi__get16le(s); // discard reserved
+   stbi__get16le(s); // discard reserved
+   info->offset = stbi__get32le(s);
+   info->hsz = hsz = stbi__get32le(s);
+   info->mr = info->mg = info->mb = info->ma = 0;
+   info->extra_read = 14;
+
+   if (info->offset < 0) return stbi__errpuc("bad BMP", "bad BMP");
+
+   if (hsz != 12 && hsz != 40 && hsz != 56 && hsz != 108 && hsz != 124) return stbi__errpuc("unknown BMP", "BMP type not supported: unknown");
+   if (hsz == 12) {
+      s->img_x = stbi__get16le(s);
+      s->img_y = stbi__get16le(s);
+   } else {
+      s->img_x = stbi__get32le(s);
+      s->img_y = stbi__get32le(s);
+   }
+   if (stbi__get16le(s) != 1) return stbi__errpuc("bad BMP", "bad BMP");
+   info->bpp = stbi__get16le(s);
+   if (hsz != 12) {
+      int compress = stbi__get32le(s);
+      if (compress == 1 || compress == 2) return stbi__errpuc("BMP RLE", "BMP type not supported: RLE");
+      if (compress >= 4) return stbi__errpuc("BMP JPEG/PNG", "BMP type not supported: unsupported compression"); // this includes PNG/JPEG modes
+      if (compress == 3 && info->bpp != 16 && info->bpp != 32) return stbi__errpuc("bad BMP", "bad BMP"); // bitfields requires 16 or 32 bits/pixel
+      stbi__get32le(s); // discard sizeof
+      stbi__get32le(s); // discard hres
+      stbi__get32le(s); // discard vres
+      stbi__get32le(s); // discard colorsused
+      stbi__get32le(s); // discard max important
+      if (hsz == 40 || hsz == 56) {
+         if (hsz == 56) {
+            stbi__get32le(s);
+            stbi__get32le(s);
+            stbi__get32le(s);
+            stbi__get32le(s);
+         }
+         if (info->bpp == 16 || info->bpp == 32) {
+            if (compress == 0) {
+               stbi__bmp_set_mask_defaults(info, compress);
+            } else if (compress == 3) {
+               info->mr = stbi__get32le(s);
+               info->mg = stbi__get32le(s);
+               info->mb = stbi__get32le(s);
+               info->extra_read += 12;
+               // not documented, but generated by photoshop and handled by mspaint
+               if (info->mr == info->mg && info->mg == info->mb) {
+                  // ?!?!?
+                  return stbi__errpuc("bad BMP", "bad BMP");
+               }
+            } else
+               return stbi__errpuc("bad BMP", "bad BMP");
+         }
+      } else {
+         // V4/V5 header
+         int i;
+         if (hsz != 108 && hsz != 124)
+            return stbi__errpuc("bad BMP", "bad BMP");
+         info->mr = stbi__get32le(s);
+         info->mg = stbi__get32le(s);
+         info->mb = stbi__get32le(s);
+         info->ma = stbi__get32le(s);
+         if (compress != 3) // override mr/mg/mb unless in BI_BITFIELDS mode, as per docs
+            stbi__bmp_set_mask_defaults(info, compress);
+         stbi__get32le(s); // discard color space
+         for (i=0; i < 12; ++i)
+            stbi__get32le(s); // discard color space parameters
+         if (hsz == 124) {
+            stbi__get32le(s); // discard rendering intent
+            stbi__get32le(s); // discard offset of profile data
+            stbi__get32le(s); // discard size of profile data
+            stbi__get32le(s); // discard reserved
+         }
+      }
+   }
+   return (void *) 1;
+}
+
+
+static void *stbi__bmp_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri)
+{
+   stbi_uc *out;
+   unsigned int mr=0,mg=0,mb=0,ma=0, all_a;
+   stbi_uc pal[256][4];
+   int psize=0,i,j,width;
+   int flip_vertically, pad, target;
+   stbi__bmp_data info;
+   STBI_NOTUSED(ri);
+
+   info.all_a = 255;
+   if (stbi__bmp_parse_header(s, &info) == NULL)
+      return NULL; // error code already set
+
+   flip_vertically = ((int) s->img_y) > 0;
+   s->img_y = abs((int) s->img_y);
+
+   if (s->img_y > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__errpuc("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+   if (s->img_x > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__errpuc("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+
+   mr = info.mr;
+   mg = info.mg;
+   mb = info.mb;
+   ma = info.ma;
+   all_a = info.all_a;
+
+   if (info.hsz == 12) {
+      if (info.bpp < 24)
+         psize = (info.offset - info.extra_read - 24) / 3;
+   } else {
+      if (info.bpp < 16)
+         psize = (info.offset - info.extra_read - info.hsz) >> 2;
+   }
+   if (psize == 0) {
+      // accept some number of extra bytes after the header, but if the offset points either to before
+      // the header ends or implies a large amount of extra data, reject the file as malformed
+      int bytes_read_so_far = s->callback_already_read + (int)(s->img_buffer - s->img_buffer_original);
+      int header_limit = 1024; // max we actually read is below 256 bytes currently.
+      int extra_data_limit = 256*4; // what ordinarily goes here is a palette; 256 entries*4 bytes is its max size.
+      if (bytes_read_so_far <= 0 || bytes_read_so_far > header_limit) {
+         return stbi__errpuc("bad header", "Corrupt BMP");
+      }
+      // we established that bytes_read_so_far is positive and sensible.
+      // the first half of this test rejects offsets that are either too small positives, or
+      // negative, and guarantees that info.offset >= bytes_read_so_far > 0. this in turn
+      // ensures the number computed in the second half of the test can't overflow.
+      if (info.offset < bytes_read_so_far || info.offset - bytes_read_so_far > extra_data_limit) {
+         return stbi__errpuc("bad offset", "Corrupt BMP");
+      } else {
+         stbi__skip(s, info.offset - bytes_read_so_far);
+      }
+   }
+
+   if (info.bpp == 24 && ma == 0xff000000)
+      s->img_n = 3;
+   else
+      s->img_n = ma ? 4 : 3;
+   if (req_comp && req_comp >= 3) // we can directly decode 3 or 4
+      target = req_comp;
+   else
+      target = s->img_n; // if they want monochrome, we'll post-convert
+
+   // sanity-check size
+   if (!stbi__mad3sizes_valid(target, s->img_x, s->img_y, 0))
+      return stbi__errpuc("too large", "Corrupt BMP");
+
+   out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad3(target, s->img_x, s->img_y, 0);
+   if (!out) return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+   if (info.bpp < 16) {
+      int z=0;
+      if (psize == 0 || psize > 256) { STBI_FREE(out); return stbi__errpuc("invalid", "Corrupt BMP"); }
+      for (i=0; i < psize; ++i) {
+         pal[i][2] = stbi__get8(s);
+         pal[i][1] = stbi__get8(s);
+         pal[i][0] = stbi__get8(s);
+         if (info.hsz != 12) stbi__get8(s);
+         pal[i][3] = 255;
+      }
+      stbi__skip(s, info.offset - info.extra_read - info.hsz - psize * (info.hsz == 12 ? 3 : 4));
+      if (info.bpp == 1) width = (s->img_x + 7) >> 3;
+      else if (info.bpp == 4) width = (s->img_x + 1) >> 1;
+      else if (info.bpp == 8) width = s->img_x;
+      else { STBI_FREE(out); return stbi__errpuc("bad bpp", "Corrupt BMP"); }
+      pad = (-width)&3;
+      if (info.bpp == 1) {
+         for (j=0; j < (int) s->img_y; ++j) {
+            int bit_offset = 7, v = stbi__get8(s);
+            for (i=0; i < (int) s->img_x; ++i) {
+               int color = (v>>bit_offset)&0x1;
+               out[z++] = pal[color][0];
+               out[z++] = pal[color][1];
+               out[z++] = pal[color][2];
+               if (target == 4) out[z++] = 255;
+               if (i+1 == (int) s->img_x) break;
+               if((--bit_offset) < 0) {
+                  bit_offset = 7;
+                  v = stbi__get8(s);
+               }
+            }
+            stbi__skip(s, pad);
+         }
+      } else {
+         for (j=0; j < (int) s->img_y; ++j) {
+            for (i=0; i < (int) s->img_x; i += 2) {
+               int v=stbi__get8(s),v2=0;
+               if (info.bpp == 4) {
+                  v2 = v & 15;
+                  v >>= 4;
+               }
+               out[z++] = pal[v][0];
+               out[z++] = pal[v][1];
+               out[z++] = pal[v][2];
+               if (target == 4) out[z++] = 255;
+               if (i+1 == (int) s->img_x) break;
+               v = (info.bpp == 8) ? stbi__get8(s) : v2;
+               out[z++] = pal[v][0];
+               out[z++] = pal[v][1];
+               out[z++] = pal[v][2];
+               if (target == 4) out[z++] = 255;
+            }
+            stbi__skip(s, pad);
+         }
+      }
+   } else {
+      int rshift=0,gshift=0,bshift=0,ashift=0,rcount=0,gcount=0,bcount=0,acount=0;
+      int z = 0;
+      int easy=0;
+      stbi__skip(s, info.offset - info.extra_read - info.hsz);
+      if (info.bpp == 24) width = 3 * s->img_x;
+      else if (info.bpp == 16) width = 2*s->img_x;
+      else /* bpp = 32 and pad = 0 */ width=0;
+      pad = (-width) & 3;
+      if (info.bpp == 24) {
+         easy = 1;
+      } else if (info.bpp == 32) {
+         if (mb == 0xff && mg == 0xff00 && mr == 0x00ff0000 && ma == 0xff000000)
+            easy = 2;
+      }
+      if (!easy) {
+         if (!mr || !mg || !mb) { STBI_FREE(out); return stbi__errpuc("bad masks", "Corrupt BMP"); }
+         // right shift amt to put high bit in position #7
+         rshift = stbi__high_bit(mr)-7; rcount = stbi__bitcount(mr);
+         gshift = stbi__high_bit(mg)-7; gcount = stbi__bitcount(mg);
+         bshift = stbi__high_bit(mb)-7; bcount = stbi__bitcount(mb);
+         ashift = stbi__high_bit(ma)-7; acount = stbi__bitcount(ma);
+         if (rcount > 8 || gcount > 8 || bcount > 8 || acount > 8) { STBI_FREE(out); return stbi__errpuc("bad masks", "Corrupt BMP"); }
+      }
+      for (j=0; j < (int) s->img_y; ++j) {
+         if (easy) {
+            for (i=0; i < (int) s->img_x; ++i) {
+               unsigned char a;
+               out[z+2] = stbi__get8(s);
+               out[z+1] = stbi__get8(s);
+               out[z+0] = stbi__get8(s);
+               z += 3;
+               a = (easy == 2 ? stbi__get8(s) : 255);
+               all_a |= a;
+               if (target == 4) out[z++] = a;
+            }
+         } else {
+            int bpp = info.bpp;
+            for (i=0; i < (int) s->img_x; ++i) {
+               stbi__uint32 v = (bpp == 16 ? (stbi__uint32) stbi__get16le(s) : stbi__get32le(s));
+               unsigned int a;
+               out[z++] = STBI__BYTECAST(stbi__shiftsigned(v & mr, rshift, rcount));
+               out[z++] = STBI__BYTECAST(stbi__shiftsigned(v & mg, gshift, gcount));
+               out[z++] = STBI__BYTECAST(stbi__shiftsigned(v & mb, bshift, bcount));
+               a = (ma ? stbi__shiftsigned(v & ma, ashift, acount) : 255);
+               all_a |= a;
+               if (target == 4) out[z++] = STBI__BYTECAST(a);
+            }
+         }
+         stbi__skip(s, pad);
+      }
+   }
+
+   // if alpha channel is all 0s, replace with all 255s
+   if (target == 4 && all_a == 0)
+      for (i=4*s->img_x*s->img_y-1; i >= 0; i -= 4)
+         out[i] = 255;
+
+   if (flip_vertically) {
+      stbi_uc t;
+      for (j=0; j < (int) s->img_y>>1; ++j) {
+         stbi_uc *p1 = out +      j     *s->img_x*target;
+         stbi_uc *p2 = out + (s->img_y-1-j)*s->img_x*target;
+         for (i=0; i < (int) s->img_x*target; ++i) {
+            t = p1[i]; p1[i] = p2[i]; p2[i] = t;
+         }
+      }
+   }
+
+   if (req_comp && req_comp != target) {
+      out = stbi__convert_format(out, target, req_comp, s->img_x, s->img_y);
+      if (out == NULL) return out; // stbi__convert_format frees input on failure
+   }
+
+   *x = s->img_x;
+   *y = s->img_y;
+   if (comp) *comp = s->img_n;
+   return out;
+}
+#endif
+
+// Targa Truevision - TGA
+// by Jonathan Dummer
+#ifndef STBI_NO_TGA
+// returns STBI_rgb or whatever, 0 on error
+static int stbi__tga_get_comp(int bits_per_pixel, int is_grey, int* is_rgb16)
+{
+   // only RGB or RGBA (incl. 16bit) or grey allowed
+   if (is_rgb16) *is_rgb16 = 0;
+   switch(bits_per_pixel) {
+      case 8:  return STBI_grey;
+      case 16: if(is_grey) return STBI_grey_alpha;
+               // fallthrough
+      case 15: if(is_rgb16) *is_rgb16 = 1;
+               return STBI_rgb;
+      case 24: // fallthrough
+      case 32: return bits_per_pixel/8;
+      default: return 0;
+   }
+}
+
+static int stbi__tga_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+    int tga_w, tga_h, tga_comp, tga_image_type, tga_bits_per_pixel, tga_colormap_bpp;
+    int sz, tga_colormap_type;
+    stbi__get8(s);                   // discard Offset
+    tga_colormap_type = stbi__get8(s); // colormap type
+    if( tga_colormap_type > 1 ) {
+        stbi__rewind(s);
+        return 0;      // only RGB or indexed allowed
+    }
+    tga_image_type = stbi__get8(s); // image type
+    if ( tga_colormap_type == 1 ) { // colormapped (paletted) image
+        if (tga_image_type != 1 && tga_image_type != 9) {
+            stbi__rewind(s);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        stbi__skip(s,4);       // skip index of first colormap entry and number of entries
+        sz = stbi__get8(s);    //   check bits per palette color entry
+        if ( (sz != 8) && (sz != 15) && (sz != 16) && (sz != 24) && (sz != 32) ) {
+            stbi__rewind(s);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        stbi__skip(s,4);       // skip image x and y origin
+        tga_colormap_bpp = sz;
+    } else { // "normal" image w/o colormap - only RGB or grey allowed, +/- RLE
+        if ( (tga_image_type != 2) && (tga_image_type != 3) && (tga_image_type != 10) && (tga_image_type != 11) ) {
+            stbi__rewind(s);
+            return 0; // only RGB or grey allowed, +/- RLE
+        }
+        stbi__skip(s,9); // skip colormap specification and image x/y origin
+        tga_colormap_bpp = 0;
+    }
+    tga_w = stbi__get16le(s);
+    if( tga_w < 1 ) {
+        stbi__rewind(s);
+        return 0;   // test width
+    }
+    tga_h = stbi__get16le(s);
+    if( tga_h < 1 ) {
+        stbi__rewind(s);
+        return 0;   // test height
+    }
+    tga_bits_per_pixel = stbi__get8(s); // bits per pixel
+    stbi__get8(s); // ignore alpha bits
+    if (tga_colormap_bpp != 0) {
+        if((tga_bits_per_pixel != 8) && (tga_bits_per_pixel != 16)) {
+            // when using a colormap, tga_bits_per_pixel is the size of the indexes
+            // I don't think anything but 8 or 16bit indexes makes sense
+            stbi__rewind(s);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        tga_comp = stbi__tga_get_comp(tga_colormap_bpp, 0, NULL);
+    } else {
+        tga_comp = stbi__tga_get_comp(tga_bits_per_pixel, (tga_image_type == 3) || (tga_image_type == 11), NULL);
+    }
+    if(!tga_comp) {
+      stbi__rewind(s);
+      return 0;
+    }
+    if (x) *x = tga_w;
+    if (y) *y = tga_h;
+    if (comp) *comp = tga_comp;
+    return 1;                   // seems to have passed everything
+}
+
+static int stbi__tga_test(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   int res = 0;
+   int sz, tga_color_type;
+   stbi__get8(s);      //   discard Offset
+   tga_color_type = stbi__get8(s);   //   color type
+   if ( tga_color_type > 1 ) goto errorEnd;   //   only RGB or indexed allowed
+   sz = stbi__get8(s);   //   image type
+   if ( tga_color_type == 1 ) { // colormapped (paletted) image
+      if (sz != 1 && sz != 9) goto errorEnd; // colortype 1 demands image type 1 or 9
+      stbi__skip(s,4);       // skip index of first colormap entry and number of entries
+      sz = stbi__get8(s);    //   check bits per palette color entry
+      if ( (sz != 8) && (sz != 15) && (sz != 16) && (sz != 24) && (sz != 32) ) goto errorEnd;
+      stbi__skip(s,4);       // skip image x and y origin
+   } else { // "normal" image w/o colormap
+      if ( (sz != 2) && (sz != 3) && (sz != 10) && (sz != 11) ) goto errorEnd; // only RGB or grey allowed, +/- RLE
+      stbi__skip(s,9); // skip colormap specification and image x/y origin
+   }
+   if ( stbi__get16le(s) < 1 ) goto errorEnd;      //   test width
+   if ( stbi__get16le(s) < 1 ) goto errorEnd;      //   test height
+   sz = stbi__get8(s);   //   bits per pixel
+   if ( (tga_color_type == 1) && (sz != 8) && (sz != 16) ) goto errorEnd; // for colormapped images, bpp is size of an index
+   if ( (sz != 8) && (sz != 15) && (sz != 16) && (sz != 24) && (sz != 32) ) goto errorEnd;
+
+   res = 1; // if we got this far, everything's good and we can return 1 instead of 0
+
+errorEnd:
+   stbi__rewind(s);
+   return res;
+}
+
+// read 16bit value and convert to 24bit RGB
+static void stbi__tga_read_rgb16(stbi__context *s, stbi_uc* out)
+{
+   stbi__uint16 px = (stbi__uint16)stbi__get16le(s);
+   stbi__uint16 fiveBitMask = 31;
+   // we have 3 channels with 5bits each
+   int r = (px >> 10) & fiveBitMask;
+   int g = (px >> 5) & fiveBitMask;
+   int b = px & fiveBitMask;
+   // Note that this saves the data in RGB(A) order, so it doesn't need to be swapped later
+   out[0] = (stbi_uc)((r * 255)/31);
+   out[1] = (stbi_uc)((g * 255)/31);
+   out[2] = (stbi_uc)((b * 255)/31);
+
+   // some people claim that the most significant bit might be used for alpha
+   // (possibly if an alpha-bit is set in the "image descriptor byte")
+   // but that only made 16bit test images completely translucent..
+   // so let's treat all 15 and 16bit TGAs as RGB with no alpha.
+}
+
+static void *stbi__tga_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri)
+{
+   //   read in the TGA header stuff
+   int tga_offset = stbi__get8(s);
+   int tga_indexed = stbi__get8(s);
+   int tga_image_type = stbi__get8(s);
+   int tga_is_RLE = 0;
+   int tga_palette_start = stbi__get16le(s);
+   int tga_palette_len = stbi__get16le(s);
+   int tga_palette_bits = stbi__get8(s);
+   int tga_x_origin = stbi__get16le(s);
+   int tga_y_origin = stbi__get16le(s);
+   int tga_width = stbi__get16le(s);
+   int tga_height = stbi__get16le(s);
+   int tga_bits_per_pixel = stbi__get8(s);
+   int tga_comp, tga_rgb16=0;
+   int tga_inverted = stbi__get8(s);
+   // int tga_alpha_bits = tga_inverted & 15; // the 4 lowest bits - unused (useless?)
+   //   image data
+   unsigned char *tga_data;
+   unsigned char *tga_palette = NULL;
+   int i, j;
+   unsigned char raw_data[4] = {0};
+   int RLE_count = 0;
+   int RLE_repeating = 0;
+   int read_next_pixel = 1;
+   STBI_NOTUSED(ri);
+   STBI_NOTUSED(tga_x_origin); // @TODO
+   STBI_NOTUSED(tga_y_origin); // @TODO
+
+   if (tga_height > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__errpuc("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+   if (tga_width > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__errpuc("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+
+   //   do a tiny bit of precessing
+   if ( tga_image_type >= 8 )
+   {
+      tga_image_type -= 8;
+      tga_is_RLE = 1;
+   }
+   tga_inverted = 1 - ((tga_inverted >> 5) & 1);
+
+   //   If I'm paletted, then I'll use the number of bits from the palette
+   if ( tga_indexed ) tga_comp = stbi__tga_get_comp(tga_palette_bits, 0, &tga_rgb16);
+   else tga_comp = stbi__tga_get_comp(tga_bits_per_pixel, (tga_image_type == 3), &tga_rgb16);
+
+   if(!tga_comp) // shouldn't really happen, stbi__tga_test() should have ensured basic consistency
+      return stbi__errpuc("bad format", "Can't find out TGA pixelformat");
+
+   //   tga info
+   *x = tga_width;
+   *y = tga_height;
+   if (comp) *comp = tga_comp;
+
+   if (!stbi__mad3sizes_valid(tga_width, tga_height, tga_comp, 0))
+      return stbi__errpuc("too large", "Corrupt TGA");
+
+   tga_data = (unsigned char*)stbi__malloc_mad3(tga_width, tga_height, tga_comp, 0);
+   if (!tga_data) return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+
+   // skip to the data's starting position (offset usually = 0)
+   stbi__skip(s, tga_offset );
+
+   if ( !tga_indexed && !tga_is_RLE && !tga_rgb16 ) {
+      for (i=0; i < tga_height; ++i) {
+         int row = tga_inverted ? tga_height -i - 1 : i;
+         stbi_uc *tga_row = tga_data + row*tga_width*tga_comp;
+         stbi__getn(s, tga_row, tga_width * tga_comp);
+      }
+   } else  {
+      //   do I need to load a palette?
+      if ( tga_indexed)
+      {
+         if (tga_palette_len == 0) {  /* you have to have at least one entry! */
+            STBI_FREE(tga_data);
+            return stbi__errpuc("bad palette", "Corrupt TGA");
+         }
+
+         //   any data to skip? (offset usually = 0)
+         stbi__skip(s, tga_palette_start );
+         //   load the palette
+         tga_palette = (unsigned char*)stbi__malloc_mad2(tga_palette_len, tga_comp, 0);
+         if (!tga_palette) {
+            STBI_FREE(tga_data);
+            return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+         }
+         if (tga_rgb16) {
+            stbi_uc *pal_entry = tga_palette;
+            STBI_ASSERT(tga_comp == STBI_rgb);
+            for (i=0; i < tga_palette_len; ++i) {
+               stbi__tga_read_rgb16(s, pal_entry);
+               pal_entry += tga_comp;
+            }
+         } else if (!stbi__getn(s, tga_palette, tga_palette_len * tga_comp)) {
+               STBI_FREE(tga_data);
+               STBI_FREE(tga_palette);
+               return stbi__errpuc("bad palette", "Corrupt TGA");
+         }
+      }
+      //   load the data
+      for (i=0; i < tga_width * tga_height; ++i)
+      {
+         //   if I'm in RLE mode, do I need to get a RLE stbi__pngchunk?
+         if ( tga_is_RLE )
+         {
+            if ( RLE_count == 0 )
+            {
+               //   yep, get the next byte as a RLE command
+               int RLE_cmd = stbi__get8(s);
+               RLE_count = 1 + (RLE_cmd & 127);
+               RLE_repeating = RLE_cmd >> 7;
+               read_next_pixel = 1;
+            } else if ( !RLE_repeating )
+            {
+               read_next_pixel = 1;
+            }
+         } else
+         {
+            read_next_pixel = 1;
+         }
+         //   OK, if I need to read a pixel, do it now
+         if ( read_next_pixel )
+         {
+            //   load however much data we did have
+            if ( tga_indexed )
+            {
+               // read in index, then perform the lookup
+               int pal_idx = (tga_bits_per_pixel == 8) ? stbi__get8(s) : stbi__get16le(s);
+               if ( pal_idx >= tga_palette_len ) {
+                  // invalid index
+                  pal_idx = 0;
+               }
+               pal_idx *= tga_comp;
+               for (j = 0; j < tga_comp; ++j) {
+                  raw_data[j] = tga_palette[pal_idx+j];
+               }
+            } else if(tga_rgb16) {
+               STBI_ASSERT(tga_comp == STBI_rgb);
+               stbi__tga_read_rgb16(s, raw_data);
+            } else {
+               //   read in the data raw
+               for (j = 0; j < tga_comp; ++j) {
+                  raw_data[j] = stbi__get8(s);
+               }
+            }
+            //   clear the reading flag for the next pixel
+            read_next_pixel = 0;
+         } // end of reading a pixel
+
+         // copy data
+         for (j = 0; j < tga_comp; ++j)
+           tga_data[i*tga_comp+j] = raw_data[j];
+
+         //   in case we're in RLE mode, keep counting down
+         --RLE_count;
+      }
+      //   do I need to invert the image?
+      if ( tga_inverted )
+      {
+         for (j = 0; j*2 < tga_height; ++j)
+         {
+            int index1 = j * tga_width * tga_comp;
+            int index2 = (tga_height - 1 - j) * tga_width * tga_comp;
+            for (i = tga_width * tga_comp; i > 0; --i)
+            {
+               unsigned char temp = tga_data[index1];
+               tga_data[index1] = tga_data[index2];
+               tga_data[index2] = temp;
+               ++index1;
+               ++index2;
+            }
+         }
+      }
+      //   clear my palette, if I had one
+      if ( tga_palette != NULL )
+      {
+         STBI_FREE( tga_palette );
+      }
+   }
+
+   // swap RGB - if the source data was RGB16, it already is in the right order
+   if (tga_comp >= 3 && !tga_rgb16)
+   {
+      unsigned char* tga_pixel = tga_data;
+      for (i=0; i < tga_width * tga_height; ++i)
+      {
+         unsigned char temp = tga_pixel[0];
+         tga_pixel[0] = tga_pixel[2];
+         tga_pixel[2] = temp;
+         tga_pixel += tga_comp;
+      }
+   }
+
+   // convert to target component count
+   if (req_comp && req_comp != tga_comp)
+      tga_data = stbi__convert_format(tga_data, tga_comp, req_comp, tga_width, tga_height);
+
+   //   the things I do to get rid of an error message, and yet keep
+   //   Microsoft's C compilers happy... [8^(
+   tga_palette_start = tga_palette_len = tga_palette_bits =
+         tga_x_origin = tga_y_origin = 0;
+   STBI_NOTUSED(tga_palette_start);
+   //   OK, done
+   return tga_data;
+}
+#endif
+
+// *************************************************************************************************
+// Photoshop PSD loader -- PD by Thatcher Ulrich, integration by Nicolas Schulz, tweaked by STB
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_PSD
+static int stbi__psd_test(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   int r = (stbi__get32be(s) == 0x38425053);
+   stbi__rewind(s);
+   return r;
+}
+
+static int stbi__psd_decode_rle(stbi__context *s, stbi_uc *p, int pixelCount)
+{
+   int count, nleft, len;
+
+   count = 0;
+   while ((nleft = pixelCount - count) > 0) {
+      len = stbi__get8(s);
+      if (len == 128) {
+         // No-op.
+      } else if (len < 128) {
+         // Copy next len+1 bytes literally.
+         len++;
+         if (len > nleft) return 0; // corrupt data
+         count += len;
+         while (len) {
+            *p = stbi__get8(s);
+            p += 4;
+            len--;
+         }
+      } else if (len > 128) {
+         stbi_uc   val;
+         // Next -len+1 bytes in the dest are replicated from next source byte.
+         // (Interpret len as a negative 8-bit int.)
+         len = 257 - len;
+         if (len > nleft) return 0; // corrupt data
+         val = stbi__get8(s);
+         count += len;
+         while (len) {
+            *p = val;
+            p += 4;
+            len--;
+         }
+      }
+   }
+
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static void *stbi__psd_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri, int bpc)
+{
+   int pixelCount;
+   int channelCount, compression;
+   int channel, i;
+   int bitdepth;
+   int w,h;
+   stbi_uc *out;
+   STBI_NOTUSED(ri);
+
+   // Check identifier
+   if (stbi__get32be(s) != 0x38425053)   // "8BPS"
+      return stbi__errpuc("not PSD", "Corrupt PSD image");
+
+   // Check file type version.
+   if (stbi__get16be(s) != 1)
+      return stbi__errpuc("wrong version", "Unsupported version of PSD image");
+
+   // Skip 6 reserved bytes.
+   stbi__skip(s, 6 );
+
+   // Read the number of channels (R, G, B, A, etc).
+   channelCount = stbi__get16be(s);
+   if (channelCount < 0 || channelCount > 16)
+      return stbi__errpuc("wrong channel count", "Unsupported number of channels in PSD image");
+
+   // Read the rows and columns of the image.
+   h = stbi__get32be(s);
+   w = stbi__get32be(s);
+
+   if (h > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__errpuc("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+   if (w > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__errpuc("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+
+   // Make sure the depth is 8 bits.
+   bitdepth = stbi__get16be(s);
+   if (bitdepth != 8 && bitdepth != 16)
+      return stbi__errpuc("unsupported bit depth", "PSD bit depth is not 8 or 16 bit");
+
+   // Make sure the color mode is RGB.
+   // Valid options are:
+   //   0: Bitmap
+   //   1: Grayscale
+   //   2: Indexed color
+   //   3: RGB color
+   //   4: CMYK color
+   //   7: Multichannel
+   //   8: Duotone
+   //   9: Lab color
+   if (stbi__get16be(s) != 3)
+      return stbi__errpuc("wrong color format", "PSD is not in RGB color format");
+
+   // Skip the Mode Data.  (It's the palette for indexed color; other info for other modes.)
+   stbi__skip(s,stbi__get32be(s) );
+
+   // Skip the image resources.  (resolution, pen tool paths, etc)
+   stbi__skip(s, stbi__get32be(s) );
+
+   // Skip the reserved data.
+   stbi__skip(s, stbi__get32be(s) );
+
+   // Find out if the data is compressed.
+   // Known values:
+   //   0: no compression
+   //   1: RLE compressed
+   compression = stbi__get16be(s);
+   if (compression > 1)
+      return stbi__errpuc("bad compression", "PSD has an unknown compression format");
+
+   // Check size
+   if (!stbi__mad3sizes_valid(4, w, h, 0))
+      return stbi__errpuc("too large", "Corrupt PSD");
+
+   // Create the destination image.
+
+   if (!compression && bitdepth == 16 && bpc == 16) {
+      out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad3(8, w, h, 0);
+      ri->bits_per_channel = 16;
+   } else
+      out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc(4 * w*h);
+
+   if (!out) return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+   pixelCount = w*h;
+
+   // Initialize the data to zero.
+   //memset( out, 0, pixelCount * 4 );
+
+   // Finally, the image data.
+   if (compression) {
+      // RLE as used by .PSD and .TIFF
+      // Loop until you get the number of unpacked bytes you are expecting:
+      //     Read the next source byte into n.
+      //     If n is between 0 and 127 inclusive, copy the next n+1 bytes literally.
+      //     Else if n is between -127 and -1 inclusive, copy the next byte -n+1 times.
+      //     Else if n is 128, noop.
+      // Endloop
+
+      // The RLE-compressed data is preceded by a 2-byte data count for each row in the data,
+      // which we're going to just skip.
+      stbi__skip(s, h * channelCount * 2 );
+
+      // Read the RLE data by channel.
+      for (channel = 0; channel < 4; channel++) {
+         stbi_uc *p;
+
+         p = out+channel;
+         if (channel >= channelCount) {
+            // Fill this channel with default data.
+            for (i = 0; i < pixelCount; i++, p += 4)
+               *p = (channel == 3 ? 255 : 0);
+         } else {
+            // Read the RLE data.
+            if (!stbi__psd_decode_rle(s, p, pixelCount)) {
+               STBI_FREE(out);
+               return stbi__errpuc("corrupt", "bad RLE data");
+            }
+         }
+      }
+
+   } else {
+      // We're at the raw image data.  It's each channel in order (Red, Green, Blue, Alpha, ...)
+      // where each channel consists of an 8-bit (or 16-bit) value for each pixel in the image.
+
+      // Read the data by channel.
+      for (channel = 0; channel < 4; channel++) {
+         if (channel >= channelCount) {
+            // Fill this channel with default data.
+            if (bitdepth == 16 && bpc == 16) {
+               stbi__uint16 *q = ((stbi__uint16 *) out) + channel;
+               stbi__uint16 val = channel == 3 ? 65535 : 0;
+               for (i = 0; i < pixelCount; i++, q += 4)
+                  *q = val;
+            } else {
+               stbi_uc *p = out+channel;
+               stbi_uc val = channel == 3 ? 255 : 0;
+               for (i = 0; i < pixelCount; i++, p += 4)
+                  *p = val;
+            }
+         } else {
+            if (ri->bits_per_channel == 16) {    // output bpc
+               stbi__uint16 *q = ((stbi__uint16 *) out) + channel;
+               for (i = 0; i < pixelCount; i++, q += 4)
+                  *q = (stbi__uint16) stbi__get16be(s);
+            } else {
+               stbi_uc *p = out+channel;
+               if (bitdepth == 16) {  // input bpc
+                  for (i = 0; i < pixelCount; i++, p += 4)
+                     *p = (stbi_uc) (stbi__get16be(s) >> 8);
+               } else {
+                  for (i = 0; i < pixelCount; i++, p += 4)
+                     *p = stbi__get8(s);
+               }
+            }
+         }
+      }
+   }
+
+   // remove weird white matte from PSD
+   if (channelCount >= 4) {
+      if (ri->bits_per_channel == 16) {
+         for (i=0; i < w*h; ++i) {
+            stbi__uint16 *pixel = (stbi__uint16 *) out + 4*i;
+            if (pixel[3] != 0 && pixel[3] != 65535) {
+               float a = pixel[3] / 65535.0f;
+               float ra = 1.0f / a;
+               float inv_a = 65535.0f * (1 - ra);
+               pixel[0] = (stbi__uint16) (pixel[0]*ra + inv_a);
+               pixel[1] = (stbi__uint16) (pixel[1]*ra + inv_a);
+               pixel[2] = (stbi__uint16) (pixel[2]*ra + inv_a);
+            }
+         }
+      } else {
+         for (i=0; i < w*h; ++i) {
+            unsigned char *pixel = out + 4*i;
+            if (pixel[3] != 0 && pixel[3] != 255) {
+               float a = pixel[3] / 255.0f;
+               float ra = 1.0f / a;
+               float inv_a = 255.0f * (1 - ra);
+               pixel[0] = (unsigned char) (pixel[0]*ra + inv_a);
+               pixel[1] = (unsigned char) (pixel[1]*ra + inv_a);
+               pixel[2] = (unsigned char) (pixel[2]*ra + inv_a);
+            }
+         }
+      }
+   }
+
+   // convert to desired output format
+   if (req_comp && req_comp != 4) {
+      if (ri->bits_per_channel == 16)
+         out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__convert_format16((stbi__uint16 *) out, 4, req_comp, w, h);
+      else
+         out = stbi__convert_format(out, 4, req_comp, w, h);
+      if (out == NULL) return out; // stbi__convert_format frees input on failure
+   }
+
+   if (comp) *comp = 4;
+   *y = h;
+   *x = w;
+
+   return out;
+}
+#endif
+
+// *************************************************************************************************
+// Softimage PIC loader
+// by Tom Seddon
+//
+// See http://softimage.wiki.softimage.com/index.php/INFO:_PIC_file_format
+// See http://ozviz.wasp.uwa.edu.au/~pbourke/dataformats/softimagepic/
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_PIC
+static int stbi__pic_is4(stbi__context *s,const char *str)
+{
+   int i;
+   for (i=0; i<4; ++i)
+      if (stbi__get8(s) != (stbi_uc)str[i])
+         return 0;
+
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__pic_test_core(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   int i;
+
+   if (!stbi__pic_is4(s,"\x53\x80\xF6\x34"))
+      return 0;
+
+   for(i=0;i<84;++i)
+      stbi__get8(s);
+
+   if (!stbi__pic_is4(s,"PICT"))
+      return 0;
+
+   return 1;
+}
+
+typedef struct
+{
+   stbi_uc size,type,channel;
+} stbi__pic_packet;
+
+static stbi_uc *stbi__readval(stbi__context *s, int channel, stbi_uc *dest)
+{
+   int mask=0x80, i;
+
+   for (i=0; i<4; ++i, mask>>=1) {
+      if (channel & mask) {
+         if (stbi__at_eof(s)) return stbi__errpuc("bad file","PIC file too short");
+         dest[i]=stbi__get8(s);
+      }
+   }
+
+   return dest;
+}
+
+static void stbi__copyval(int channel,stbi_uc *dest,const stbi_uc *src)
+{
+   int mask=0x80,i;
+
+   for (i=0;i<4; ++i, mask>>=1)
+      if (channel&mask)
+         dest[i]=src[i];
+}
+
+static stbi_uc *stbi__pic_load_core(stbi__context *s,int width,int height,int *comp, stbi_uc *result)
+{
+   int act_comp=0,num_packets=0,y,chained;
+   stbi__pic_packet packets[10];
+
+   // this will (should...) cater for even some bizarre stuff like having data
+    // for the same channel in multiple packets.
+   do {
+      stbi__pic_packet *packet;
+
+      if (num_packets==sizeof(packets)/sizeof(packets[0]))
+         return stbi__errpuc("bad format","too many packets");
+
+      packet = &packets[num_packets++];
+
+      chained = stbi__get8(s);
+      packet->size    = stbi__get8(s);
+      packet->type    = stbi__get8(s);
+      packet->channel = stbi__get8(s);
+
+      act_comp |= packet->channel;
+
+      if (stbi__at_eof(s))          return stbi__errpuc("bad file","file too short (reading packets)");
+      if (packet->size != 8)  return stbi__errpuc("bad format","packet isn't 8bpp");
+   } while (chained);
+
+   *comp = (act_comp & 0x10 ? 4 : 3); // has alpha channel?
+
+   for(y=0; y<height; ++y) {
+      int packet_idx;
+
+      for(packet_idx=0; packet_idx < num_packets; ++packet_idx) {
+         stbi__pic_packet *packet = &packets[packet_idx];
+         stbi_uc *dest = result+y*width*4;
+
+         switch (packet->type) {
+            default:
+               return stbi__errpuc("bad format","packet has bad compression type");
+
+            case 0: {//uncompressed
+               int x;
+
+               for(x=0;x<width;++x, dest+=4)
+                  if (!stbi__readval(s,packet->channel,dest))
+                     return 0;
+               break;
+            }
+
+            case 1://Pure RLE
+               {
+                  int left=width, i;
+
+                  while (left>0) {
+                     stbi_uc count,value[4];
+
+                     count=stbi__get8(s);
+                     if (stbi__at_eof(s))   return stbi__errpuc("bad file","file too short (pure read count)");
+
+                     if (count > left)
+                        count = (stbi_uc) left;
+
+                     if (!stbi__readval(s,packet->channel,value))  return 0;
+
+                     for(i=0; i<count; ++i,dest+=4)
+                        stbi__copyval(packet->channel,dest,value);
+                     left -= count;
+                  }
+               }
+               break;
+
+            case 2: {//Mixed RLE
+               int left=width;
+               while (left>0) {
+                  int count = stbi__get8(s), i;
+                  if (stbi__at_eof(s))  return stbi__errpuc("bad file","file too short (mixed read count)");
+
+                  if (count >= 128) { // Repeated
+                     stbi_uc value[4];
+
+                     if (count==128)
+                        count = stbi__get16be(s);
+                     else
+                        count -= 127;
+                     if (count > left)
+                        return stbi__errpuc("bad file","scanline overrun");
+
+                     if (!stbi__readval(s,packet->channel,value))
+                        return 0;
+
+                     for(i=0;i<count;++i, dest += 4)
+                        stbi__copyval(packet->channel,dest,value);
+                  } else { // Raw
+                     ++count;
+                     if (count>left) return stbi__errpuc("bad file","scanline overrun");
+
+                     for(i=0;i<count;++i, dest+=4)
+                        if (!stbi__readval(s,packet->channel,dest))
+                           return 0;
+                  }
+                  left-=count;
+               }
+               break;
+            }
+         }
+      }
+   }
+
+   return result;
+}
+
+static void *stbi__pic_load(stbi__context *s,int *px,int *py,int *comp,int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri)
+{
+   stbi_uc *result;
+   int i, x,y, internal_comp;
+   STBI_NOTUSED(ri);
+
+   if (!comp) comp = &internal_comp;
+
+   for (i=0; i<92; ++i)
+      stbi__get8(s);
+
+   x = stbi__get16be(s);
+   y = stbi__get16be(s);
+
+   if (y > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__errpuc("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+   if (x > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__errpuc("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+
+   if (stbi__at_eof(s))  return stbi__errpuc("bad file","file too short (pic header)");
+   if (!stbi__mad3sizes_valid(x, y, 4, 0)) return stbi__errpuc("too large", "PIC image too large to decode");
+
+   stbi__get32be(s); //skip `ratio'
+   stbi__get16be(s); //skip `fields'
+   stbi__get16be(s); //skip `pad'
+
+   // intermediate buffer is RGBA
+   result = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad3(x, y, 4, 0);
+   if (!result) return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+   memset(result, 0xff, x*y*4);
+
+   if (!stbi__pic_load_core(s,x,y,comp, result)) {
+      STBI_FREE(result);
+      result=0;
+   }
+   *px = x;
+   *py = y;
+   if (req_comp == 0) req_comp = *comp;
+   result=stbi__convert_format(result,4,req_comp,x,y);
+
+   return result;
+}
+
+static int stbi__pic_test(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   int r = stbi__pic_test_core(s);
+   stbi__rewind(s);
+   return r;
+}
+#endif
+
+// *************************************************************************************************
+// GIF loader -- public domain by Jean-Marc Lienher -- simplified/shrunk by stb
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_GIF
+typedef struct
+{
+   stbi__int16 prefix;
+   stbi_uc first;
+   stbi_uc suffix;
+} stbi__gif_lzw;
+
+typedef struct
+{
+   int w,h;
+   stbi_uc *out;                 // output buffer (always 4 components)
+   stbi_uc *background;          // The current "background" as far as a gif is concerned
+   stbi_uc *history;
+   int flags, bgindex, ratio, transparent, eflags;
+   stbi_uc  pal[256][4];
+   stbi_uc lpal[256][4];
+   stbi__gif_lzw codes[8192];
+   stbi_uc *color_table;
+   int parse, step;
+   int lflags;
+   int start_x, start_y;
+   int max_x, max_y;
+   int cur_x, cur_y;
+   int line_size;
+   int delay;
+} stbi__gif;
+
+static int stbi__gif_test_raw(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   int sz;
+   if (stbi__get8(s) != 'G' || stbi__get8(s) != 'I' || stbi__get8(s) != 'F' || stbi__get8(s) != '8') return 0;
+   sz = stbi__get8(s);
+   if (sz != '9' && sz != '7') return 0;
+   if (stbi__get8(s) != 'a') return 0;
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__gif_test(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   int r = stbi__gif_test_raw(s);
+   stbi__rewind(s);
+   return r;
+}
+
+static void stbi__gif_parse_colortable(stbi__context *s, stbi_uc pal[256][4], int num_entries, int transp)
+{
+   int i;
+   for (i=0; i < num_entries; ++i) {
+      pal[i][2] = stbi__get8(s);
+      pal[i][1] = stbi__get8(s);
+      pal[i][0] = stbi__get8(s);
+      pal[i][3] = transp == i ? 0 : 255;
+   }
+}
+
+static int stbi__gif_header(stbi__context *s, stbi__gif *g, int *comp, int is_info)
+{
+   stbi_uc version;
+   if (stbi__get8(s) != 'G' || stbi__get8(s) != 'I' || stbi__get8(s) != 'F' || stbi__get8(s) != '8')
+      return stbi__err("not GIF", "Corrupt GIF");
+
+   version = stbi__get8(s);
+   if (version != '7' && version != '9')    return stbi__err("not GIF", "Corrupt GIF");
+   if (stbi__get8(s) != 'a')                return stbi__err("not GIF", "Corrupt GIF");
+
+   stbi__g_failure_reason = "";
+   g->w = stbi__get16le(s);
+   g->h = stbi__get16le(s);
+   g->flags = stbi__get8(s);
+   g->bgindex = stbi__get8(s);
+   g->ratio = stbi__get8(s);
+   g->transparent = -1;
+
+   if (g->w > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__err("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+   if (g->h > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__err("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+
+   if (comp != 0) *comp = 4;  // can't actually tell whether it's 3 or 4 until we parse the comments
+
+   if (is_info) return 1;
+
+   if (g->flags & 0x80)
+      stbi__gif_parse_colortable(s,g->pal, 2 << (g->flags & 7), -1);
+
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__gif_info_raw(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+   stbi__gif* g = (stbi__gif*) stbi__malloc(sizeof(stbi__gif));
+   if (!g) return stbi__err("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+   if (!stbi__gif_header(s, g, comp, 1)) {
+      STBI_FREE(g);
+      stbi__rewind( s );
+      return 0;
+   }
+   if (x) *x = g->w;
+   if (y) *y = g->h;
+   STBI_FREE(g);
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static void stbi__out_gif_code(stbi__gif *g, stbi__uint16 code)
+{
+   stbi_uc *p, *c;
+   int idx;
+
+   // recurse to decode the prefixes, since the linked-list is backwards,
+   // and working backwards through an interleaved image would be nasty
+   if (g->codes[code].prefix >= 0)
+      stbi__out_gif_code(g, g->codes[code].prefix);
+
+   if (g->cur_y >= g->max_y) return;
+
+   idx = g->cur_x + g->cur_y;
+   p = &g->out[idx];
+   g->history[idx / 4] = 1;
+
+   c = &g->color_table[g->codes[code].suffix * 4];
+   if (c[3] > 128) { // don't render transparent pixels;
+      p[0] = c[2];
+      p[1] = c[1];
+      p[2] = c[0];
+      p[3] = c[3];
+   }
+   g->cur_x += 4;
+
+   if (g->cur_x >= g->max_x) {
+      g->cur_x = g->start_x;
+      g->cur_y += g->step;
+
+      while (g->cur_y >= g->max_y && g->parse > 0) {
+         g->step = (1 << g->parse) * g->line_size;
+         g->cur_y = g->start_y + (g->step >> 1);
+         --g->parse;
+      }
+   }
+}
+
+static stbi_uc *stbi__process_gif_raster(stbi__context *s, stbi__gif *g)
+{
+   stbi_uc lzw_cs;
+   stbi__int32 len, init_code;
+   stbi__uint32 first;
+   stbi__int32 codesize, codemask, avail, oldcode, bits, valid_bits, clear;
+   stbi__gif_lzw *p;
+
+   lzw_cs = stbi__get8(s);
+   if (lzw_cs > 12) return NULL;
+   clear = 1 << lzw_cs;
+   first = 1;
+   codesize = lzw_cs + 1;
+   codemask = (1 << codesize) - 1;
+   bits = 0;
+   valid_bits = 0;
+   for (init_code = 0; init_code < clear; init_code++) {
+      g->codes[init_code].prefix = -1;
+      g->codes[init_code].first = (stbi_uc) init_code;
+      g->codes[init_code].suffix = (stbi_uc) init_code;
+   }
+
+   // support no starting clear code
+   avail = clear+2;
+   oldcode = -1;
+
+   len = 0;
+   for(;;) {
+      if (valid_bits < codesize) {
+         if (len == 0) {
+            len = stbi__get8(s); // start new block
+            if (len == 0)
+               return g->out;
+         }
+         --len;
+         bits |= (stbi__int32) stbi__get8(s) << valid_bits;
+         valid_bits += 8;
+      } else {
+         stbi__int32 code = bits & codemask;
+         bits >>= codesize;
+         valid_bits -= codesize;
+         // @OPTIMIZE: is there some way we can accelerate the non-clear path?
+         if (code == clear) {  // clear code
+            codesize = lzw_cs + 1;
+            codemask = (1 << codesize) - 1;
+            avail = clear + 2;
+            oldcode = -1;
+            first = 0;
+         } else if (code == clear + 1) { // end of stream code
+            stbi__skip(s, len);
+            while ((len = stbi__get8(s)) > 0)
+               stbi__skip(s,len);
+            return g->out;
+         } else if (code <= avail) {
+            if (first) {
+               return stbi__errpuc("no clear code", "Corrupt GIF");
+            }
+
+            if (oldcode >= 0) {
+               p = &g->codes[avail++];
+               if (avail > 8192) {
+                  return stbi__errpuc("too many codes", "Corrupt GIF");
+               }
+
+               p->prefix = (stbi__int16) oldcode;
+               p->first = g->codes[oldcode].first;
+               p->suffix = (code == avail) ? p->first : g->codes[code].first;
+            } else if (code == avail)
+               return stbi__errpuc("illegal code in raster", "Corrupt GIF");
+
+            stbi__out_gif_code(g, (stbi__uint16) code);
+
+            if ((avail & codemask) == 0 && avail <= 0x0FFF) {
+               codesize++;
+               codemask = (1 << codesize) - 1;
+            }
+
+            oldcode = code;
+         } else {
+            return stbi__errpuc("illegal code in raster", "Corrupt GIF");
+         }
+      }
+   }
+}
+
+// this function is designed to support animated gifs, although stb_image doesn't support it
+// two back is the image from two frames ago, used for a very specific disposal format
+static stbi_uc *stbi__gif_load_next(stbi__context *s, stbi__gif *g, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi_uc *two_back)
+{
+   int dispose;
+   int first_frame;
+   int pi;
+   int pcount;
+   STBI_NOTUSED(req_comp);
+
+   // on first frame, any non-written pixels get the background colour (non-transparent)
+   first_frame = 0;
+   if (g->out == 0) {
+      if (!stbi__gif_header(s, g, comp,0)) return 0; // stbi__g_failure_reason set by stbi__gif_header
+      if (!stbi__mad3sizes_valid(4, g->w, g->h, 0))
+         return stbi__errpuc("too large", "GIF image is too large");
+      pcount = g->w * g->h;
+      g->out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc(4 * pcount);
+      g->background = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc(4 * pcount);
+      g->history = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc(pcount);
+      if (!g->out || !g->background || !g->history)
+         return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+
+      // image is treated as "transparent" at the start - ie, nothing overwrites the current background;
+      // background colour is only used for pixels that are not rendered first frame, after that "background"
+      // color refers to the color that was there the previous frame.
+      memset(g->out, 0x00, 4 * pcount);
+      memset(g->background, 0x00, 4 * pcount); // state of the background (starts transparent)
+      memset(g->history, 0x00, pcount);        // pixels that were affected previous frame
+      first_frame = 1;
+   } else {
+      // second frame - how do we dispose of the previous one?
+      dispose = (g->eflags & 0x1C) >> 2;
+      pcount = g->w * g->h;
+
+      if ((dispose == 3) && (two_back == 0)) {
+         dispose = 2; // if I don't have an image to revert back to, default to the old background
+      }
+
+      if (dispose == 3) { // use previous graphic
+         for (pi = 0; pi < pcount; ++pi) {
+            if (g->history[pi]) {
+               memcpy( &g->out[pi * 4], &two_back[pi * 4], 4 );
+            }
+         }
+      } else if (dispose == 2) {
+         // restore what was changed last frame to background before that frame;
+         for (pi = 0; pi < pcount; ++pi) {
+            if (g->history[pi]) {
+               memcpy( &g->out[pi * 4], &g->background[pi * 4], 4 );
+            }
+         }
+      } else {
+         // This is a non-disposal case eithe way, so just
+         // leave the pixels as is, and they will become the new background
+         // 1: do not dispose
+         // 0:  not specified.
+      }
+
+      // background is what out is after the undoing of the previou frame;
+      memcpy( g->background, g->out, 4 * g->w * g->h );
+   }
+
+   // clear my history;
+   memset( g->history, 0x00, g->w * g->h );        // pixels that were affected previous frame
+
+   for (;;) {
+      int tag = stbi__get8(s);
+      switch (tag) {
+         case 0x2C: /* Image Descriptor */
+         {
+            stbi__int32 x, y, w, h;
+            stbi_uc *o;
+
+            x = stbi__get16le(s);
+            y = stbi__get16le(s);
+            w = stbi__get16le(s);
+            h = stbi__get16le(s);
+            if (((x + w) > (g->w)) || ((y + h) > (g->h)))
+               return stbi__errpuc("bad Image Descriptor", "Corrupt GIF");
+
+            g->line_size = g->w * 4;
+            g->start_x = x * 4;
+            g->start_y = y * g->line_size;
+            g->max_x   = g->start_x + w * 4;
+            g->max_y   = g->start_y + h * g->line_size;
+            g->cur_x   = g->start_x;
+            g->cur_y   = g->start_y;
+
+            // if the width of the specified rectangle is 0, that means
+            // we may not see *any* pixels or the image is malformed;
+            // to make sure this is caught, move the current y down to
+            // max_y (which is what out_gif_code checks).
+            if (w == 0)
+               g->cur_y = g->max_y;
+
+            g->lflags = stbi__get8(s);
+
+            if (g->lflags & 0x40) {
+               g->step = 8 * g->line_size; // first interlaced spacing
+               g->parse = 3;
+            } else {
+               g->step = g->line_size;
+               g->parse = 0;
+            }
+
+            if (g->lflags & 0x80) {
+               stbi__gif_parse_colortable(s,g->lpal, 2 << (g->lflags & 7), g->eflags & 0x01 ? g->transparent : -1);
+               g->color_table = (stbi_uc *) g->lpal;
+            } else if (g->flags & 0x80) {
+               g->color_table = (stbi_uc *) g->pal;
+            } else
+               return stbi__errpuc("missing color table", "Corrupt GIF");
+
+            o = stbi__process_gif_raster(s, g);
+            if (!o) return NULL;
+
+            // if this was the first frame,
+            pcount = g->w * g->h;
+            if (first_frame && (g->bgindex > 0)) {
+               // if first frame, any pixel not drawn to gets the background color
+               for (pi = 0; pi < pcount; ++pi) {
+                  if (g->history[pi] == 0) {
+                     g->pal[g->bgindex][3] = 255; // just in case it was made transparent, undo that; It will be reset next frame if need be;
+                     memcpy( &g->out[pi * 4], &g->pal[g->bgindex], 4 );
+                  }
+               }
+            }
+
+            return o;
+         }
+
+         case 0x21: // Comment Extension.
+         {
+            int len;
+            int ext = stbi__get8(s);
+            if (ext == 0xF9) { // Graphic Control Extension.
+               len = stbi__get8(s);
+               if (len == 4) {
+                  g->eflags = stbi__get8(s);
+                  g->delay = 10 * stbi__get16le(s); // delay - 1/100th of a second, saving as 1/1000ths.
+
+                  // unset old transparent
+                  if (g->transparent >= 0) {
+                     g->pal[g->transparent][3] = 255;
+                  }
+                  if (g->eflags & 0x01) {
+                     g->transparent = stbi__get8(s);
+                     if (g->transparent >= 0) {
+                        g->pal[g->transparent][3] = 0;
+                     }
+                  } else {
+                     // don't need transparent
+                     stbi__skip(s, 1);
+                     g->transparent = -1;
+                  }
+               } else {
+                  stbi__skip(s, len);
+                  break;
+               }
+            }
+            while ((len = stbi__get8(s)) != 0) {
+               stbi__skip(s, len);
+            }
+            break;
+         }
+
+         case 0x3B: // gif stream termination code
+            return (stbi_uc *) s; // using '1' causes warning on some compilers
+
+         default:
+            return stbi__errpuc("unknown code", "Corrupt GIF");
+      }
+   }
+}
+
+static void *stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(stbi__gif *g, stbi_uc *out, int **delays)
+{
+   STBI_FREE(g->out);
+   STBI_FREE(g->history);
+   STBI_FREE(g->background);
+
+   if (out) STBI_FREE(out);
+   if (delays && *delays) STBI_FREE(*delays);
+   return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+}
+
+static void *stbi__load_gif_main(stbi__context *s, int **delays, int *x, int *y, int *z, int *comp, int req_comp)
+{
+   if (stbi__gif_test(s)) {
+      int layers = 0;
+      stbi_uc *u = 0;
+      stbi_uc *out = 0;
+      stbi_uc *two_back = 0;
+      stbi__gif g;
+      int stride;
+      int out_size = 0;
+      int delays_size = 0;
+
+      STBI_NOTUSED(out_size);
+      STBI_NOTUSED(delays_size);
+
+      memset(&g, 0, sizeof(g));
+      if (delays) {
+         *delays = 0;
+      }
+
+      do {
+         u = stbi__gif_load_next(s, &g, comp, req_comp, two_back);
+         if (u == (stbi_uc *) s) u = 0;  // end of animated gif marker
+
+         if (u) {
+            *x = g.w;
+            *y = g.h;
+            ++layers;
+            stride = g.w * g.h * 4;
+
+            if (out) {
+               void *tmp = (stbi_uc*) STBI_REALLOC_SIZED( out, out_size, layers * stride );
+               if (!tmp)
+                  return stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(&g, out, delays);
+               else {
+                   out = (stbi_uc*) tmp;
+                   out_size = layers * stride;
+               }
+
+               if (delays) {
+                  int *new_delays = (int*) STBI_REALLOC_SIZED( *delays, delays_size, sizeof(int) * layers );
+                  if (!new_delays)
+                     return stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(&g, out, delays);
+                  *delays = new_delays;
+                  delays_size = layers * sizeof(int);
+               }
+            } else {
+               out = (stbi_uc*)stbi__malloc( layers * stride );
+               if (!out)
+                  return stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(&g, out, delays);
+               out_size = layers * stride;
+               if (delays) {
+                  *delays = (int*) stbi__malloc( layers * sizeof(int) );
+                  if (!*delays)
+                     return stbi__load_gif_main_outofmem(&g, out, delays);
+                  delays_size = layers * sizeof(int);
+               }
+            }
+            memcpy( out + ((layers - 1) * stride), u, stride );
+            if (layers >= 2) {
+               two_back = out - 2 * stride;
+            }
+
+            if (delays) {
+               (*delays)[layers - 1U] = g.delay;
+            }
+         }
+      } while (u != 0);
+
+      // free temp buffer;
+      STBI_FREE(g.out);
+      STBI_FREE(g.history);
+      STBI_FREE(g.background);
+
+      // do the final conversion after loading everything;
+      if (req_comp && req_comp != 4)
+         out = stbi__convert_format(out, 4, req_comp, layers * g.w, g.h);
+
+      *z = layers;
+      return out;
+   } else {
+      return stbi__errpuc("not GIF", "Image was not as a gif type.");
+   }
+}
+
+static void *stbi__gif_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri)
+{
+   stbi_uc *u = 0;
+   stbi__gif g;
+   memset(&g, 0, sizeof(g));
+   STBI_NOTUSED(ri);
+
+   u = stbi__gif_load_next(s, &g, comp, req_comp, 0);
+   if (u == (stbi_uc *) s) u = 0;  // end of animated gif marker
+   if (u) {
+      *x = g.w;
+      *y = g.h;
+
+      // moved conversion to after successful load so that the same
+      // can be done for multiple frames.
+      if (req_comp && req_comp != 4)
+         u = stbi__convert_format(u, 4, req_comp, g.w, g.h);
+   } else if (g.out) {
+      // if there was an error and we allocated an image buffer, free it!
+      STBI_FREE(g.out);
+   }
+
+   // free buffers needed for multiple frame loading;
+   STBI_FREE(g.history);
+   STBI_FREE(g.background);
+
+   return u;
+}
+
+static int stbi__gif_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+   return stbi__gif_info_raw(s,x,y,comp);
+}
+#endif
+
+// *************************************************************************************************
+// Radiance RGBE HDR loader
+// originally by Nicolas Schulz
+#ifndef STBI_NO_HDR
+static int stbi__hdr_test_core(stbi__context *s, const char *signature)
+{
+   int i;
+   for (i=0; signature[i]; ++i)
+      if (stbi__get8(s) != signature[i])
+          return 0;
+   stbi__rewind(s);
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__hdr_test(stbi__context* s)
+{
+   int r = stbi__hdr_test_core(s, "#?RADIANCE\n");
+   stbi__rewind(s);
+   if(!r) {
+       r = stbi__hdr_test_core(s, "#?RGBE\n");
+       stbi__rewind(s);
+   }
+   return r;
+}
+
+#define STBI__HDR_BUFLEN  1024
+static char *stbi__hdr_gettoken(stbi__context *z, char *buffer)
+{
+   int len=0;
+   char c = '\0';
+
+   c = (char) stbi__get8(z);
+
+   while (!stbi__at_eof(z) && c != '\n') {
+      buffer[len++] = c;
+      if (len == STBI__HDR_BUFLEN-1) {
+         // flush to end of line
+         while (!stbi__at_eof(z) && stbi__get8(z) != '\n')
+            ;
+         break;
+      }
+      c = (char) stbi__get8(z);
+   }
+
+   buffer[len] = 0;
+   return buffer;
+}
+
+static void stbi__hdr_convert(float *output, stbi_uc *input, int req_comp)
+{
+   if ( input[3] != 0 ) {
+      float f1;
+      // Exponent
+      f1 = (float) ldexp(1.0f, input[3] - (int)(128 + 8));
+      if (req_comp <= 2)
+         output[0] = (input[0] + input[1] + input[2]) * f1 / 3;
+      else {
+         output[0] = input[0] * f1;
+         output[1] = input[1] * f1;
+         output[2] = input[2] * f1;
+      }
+      if (req_comp == 2) output[1] = 1;
+      if (req_comp == 4) output[3] = 1;
+   } else {
+      switch (req_comp) {
+         case 4: output[3] = 1; /* fallthrough */
+         case 3: output[0] = output[1] = output[2] = 0;
+                 break;
+         case 2: output[1] = 1; /* fallthrough */
+         case 1: output[0] = 0;
+                 break;
+      }
+   }
+}
+
+static float *stbi__hdr_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri)
+{
+   char buffer[STBI__HDR_BUFLEN];
+   char *token;
+   int valid = 0;
+   int width, height;
+   stbi_uc *scanline;
+   float *hdr_data;
+   int len;
+   unsigned char count, value;
+   int i, j, k, c1,c2, z;
+   const char *headerToken;
+   STBI_NOTUSED(ri);
+
+   // Check identifier
+   headerToken = stbi__hdr_gettoken(s,buffer);
+   if (strcmp(headerToken, "#?RADIANCE") != 0 && strcmp(headerToken, "#?RGBE") != 0)
+      return stbi__errpf("not HDR", "Corrupt HDR image");
+
+   // Parse header
+   for(;;) {
+      token = stbi__hdr_gettoken(s,buffer);
+      if (token[0] == 0) break;
+      if (strcmp(token, "FORMAT=32-bit_rle_rgbe") == 0) valid = 1;
+   }
+
+   if (!valid)    return stbi__errpf("unsupported format", "Unsupported HDR format");
+
+   // Parse width and height
+   // can't use sscanf() if we're not using stdio!
+   token = stbi__hdr_gettoken(s,buffer);
+   if (strncmp(token, "-Y ", 3))  return stbi__errpf("unsupported data layout", "Unsupported HDR format");
+   token += 3;
+   height = (int) strtol(token, &token, 10);
+   while (*token == ' ') ++token;
+   if (strncmp(token, "+X ", 3))  return stbi__errpf("unsupported data layout", "Unsupported HDR format");
+   token += 3;
+   width = (int) strtol(token, NULL, 10);
+
+   if (height > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__errpf("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+   if (width > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__errpf("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+
+   *x = width;
+   *y = height;
+
+   if (comp) *comp = 3;
+   if (req_comp == 0) req_comp = 3;
+
+   if (!stbi__mad4sizes_valid(width, height, req_comp, sizeof(float), 0))
+      return stbi__errpf("too large", "HDR image is too large");
+
+   // Read data
+   hdr_data = (float *) stbi__malloc_mad4(width, height, req_comp, sizeof(float), 0);
+   if (!hdr_data)
+      return stbi__errpf("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+
+   // Load image data
+   // image data is stored as some number of sca
+   if ( width < 8 || width >= 32768) {
+      // Read flat data
+      for (j=0; j < height; ++j) {
+         for (i=0; i < width; ++i) {
+            stbi_uc rgbe[4];
+           main_decode_loop:
+            stbi__getn(s, rgbe, 4);
+            stbi__hdr_convert(hdr_data + j * width * req_comp + i * req_comp, rgbe, req_comp);
+         }
+      }
+   } else {
+      // Read RLE-encoded data
+      scanline = NULL;
+
+      for (j = 0; j < height; ++j) {
+         c1 = stbi__get8(s);
+         c2 = stbi__get8(s);
+         len = stbi__get8(s);
+         if (c1 != 2 || c2 != 2 || (len & 0x80)) {
+            // not run-length encoded, so we have to actually use THIS data as a decoded
+            // pixel (note this can't be a valid pixel--one of RGB must be >= 128)
+            stbi_uc rgbe[4];
+            rgbe[0] = (stbi_uc) c1;
+            rgbe[1] = (stbi_uc) c2;
+            rgbe[2] = (stbi_uc) len;
+            rgbe[3] = (stbi_uc) stbi__get8(s);
+            stbi__hdr_convert(hdr_data, rgbe, req_comp);
+            i = 1;
+            j = 0;
+            STBI_FREE(scanline);
+            goto main_decode_loop; // yes, this makes no sense
+         }
+         len <<= 8;
+         len |= stbi__get8(s);
+         if (len != width) { STBI_FREE(hdr_data); STBI_FREE(scanline); return stbi__errpf("invalid decoded scanline length", "corrupt HDR"); }
+         if (scanline == NULL) {
+            scanline = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad2(width, 4, 0);
+            if (!scanline) {
+               STBI_FREE(hdr_data);
+               return stbi__errpf("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+            }
+         }
+
+         for (k = 0; k < 4; ++k) {
+            int nleft;
+            i = 0;
+            while ((nleft = width - i) > 0) {
+               count = stbi__get8(s);
+               if (count > 128) {
+                  // Run
+                  value = stbi__get8(s);
+                  count -= 128;
+                  if ((count == 0) || (count > nleft)) { STBI_FREE(hdr_data); STBI_FREE(scanline); return stbi__errpf("corrupt", "bad RLE data in HDR"); }
+                  for (z = 0; z < count; ++z)
+                     scanline[i++ * 4 + k] = value;
+               } else {
+                  // Dump
+                  if ((count == 0) || (count > nleft)) { STBI_FREE(hdr_data); STBI_FREE(scanline); return stbi__errpf("corrupt", "bad RLE data in HDR"); }
+                  for (z = 0; z < count; ++z)
+                     scanline[i++ * 4 + k] = stbi__get8(s);
+               }
+            }
+         }
+         for (i=0; i < width; ++i)
+            stbi__hdr_convert(hdr_data+(j*width + i)*req_comp, scanline + i*4, req_comp);
+      }
+      if (scanline)
+         STBI_FREE(scanline);
+   }
+
+   return hdr_data;
+}
+
+static int stbi__hdr_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+   char buffer[STBI__HDR_BUFLEN];
+   char *token;
+   int valid = 0;
+   int dummy;
+
+   if (!x) x = &dummy;
+   if (!y) y = &dummy;
+   if (!comp) comp = &dummy;
+
+   if (stbi__hdr_test(s) == 0) {
+       stbi__rewind( s );
+       return 0;
+   }
+
+   for(;;) {
+      token = stbi__hdr_gettoken(s,buffer);
+      if (token[0] == 0) break;
+      if (strcmp(token, "FORMAT=32-bit_rle_rgbe") == 0) valid = 1;
+   }
+
+   if (!valid) {
+       stbi__rewind( s );
+       return 0;
+   }
+   token = stbi__hdr_gettoken(s,buffer);
+   if (strncmp(token, "-Y ", 3)) {
+       stbi__rewind( s );
+       return 0;
+   }
+   token += 3;
+   *y = (int) strtol(token, &token, 10);
+   while (*token == ' ') ++token;
+   if (strncmp(token, "+X ", 3)) {
+       stbi__rewind( s );
+       return 0;
+   }
+   token += 3;
+   *x = (int) strtol(token, NULL, 10);
+   *comp = 3;
+   return 1;
+}
+#endif // STBI_NO_HDR
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_BMP
+static int stbi__bmp_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+   void *p;
+   stbi__bmp_data info;
+
+   info.all_a = 255;
+   p = stbi__bmp_parse_header(s, &info);
+   if (p == NULL) {
+      stbi__rewind( s );
+      return 0;
+   }
+   if (x) *x = s->img_x;
+   if (y) *y = s->img_y;
+   if (comp) {
+      if (info.bpp == 24 && info.ma == 0xff000000)
+         *comp = 3;
+      else
+         *comp = info.ma ? 4 : 3;
+   }
+   return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_PSD
+static int stbi__psd_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+   int channelCount, dummy, depth;
+   if (!x) x = &dummy;
+   if (!y) y = &dummy;
+   if (!comp) comp = &dummy;
+   if (stbi__get32be(s) != 0x38425053) {
+       stbi__rewind( s );
+       return 0;
+   }
+   if (stbi__get16be(s) != 1) {
+       stbi__rewind( s );
+       return 0;
+   }
+   stbi__skip(s, 6);
+   channelCount = stbi__get16be(s);
+   if (channelCount < 0 || channelCount > 16) {
+       stbi__rewind( s );
+       return 0;
+   }
+   *y = stbi__get32be(s);
+   *x = stbi__get32be(s);
+   depth = stbi__get16be(s);
+   if (depth != 8 && depth != 16) {
+       stbi__rewind( s );
+       return 0;
+   }
+   if (stbi__get16be(s) != 3) {
+       stbi__rewind( s );
+       return 0;
+   }
+   *comp = 4;
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static int stbi__psd_is16(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   int channelCount, depth;
+   if (stbi__get32be(s) != 0x38425053) {
+       stbi__rewind( s );
+       return 0;
+   }
+   if (stbi__get16be(s) != 1) {
+       stbi__rewind( s );
+       return 0;
+   }
+   stbi__skip(s, 6);
+   channelCount = stbi__get16be(s);
+   if (channelCount < 0 || channelCount > 16) {
+       stbi__rewind( s );
+       return 0;
+   }
+   STBI_NOTUSED(stbi__get32be(s));
+   STBI_NOTUSED(stbi__get32be(s));
+   depth = stbi__get16be(s);
+   if (depth != 16) {
+       stbi__rewind( s );
+       return 0;
+   }
+   return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_PIC
+static int stbi__pic_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+   int act_comp=0,num_packets=0,chained,dummy;
+   stbi__pic_packet packets[10];
+
+   if (!x) x = &dummy;
+   if (!y) y = &dummy;
+   if (!comp) comp = &dummy;
+
+   if (!stbi__pic_is4(s,"\x53\x80\xF6\x34")) {
+      stbi__rewind(s);
+      return 0;
+   }
+
+   stbi__skip(s, 88);
+
+   *x = stbi__get16be(s);
+   *y = stbi__get16be(s);
+   if (stbi__at_eof(s)) {
+      stbi__rewind( s);
+      return 0;
+   }
+   if ( (*x) != 0 && (1 << 28) / (*x) < (*y)) {
+      stbi__rewind( s );
+      return 0;
+   }
+
+   stbi__skip(s, 8);
+
+   do {
+      stbi__pic_packet *packet;
+
+      if (num_packets==sizeof(packets)/sizeof(packets[0]))
+         return 0;
+
+      packet = &packets[num_packets++];
+      chained = stbi__get8(s);
+      packet->size    = stbi__get8(s);
+      packet->type    = stbi__get8(s);
+      packet->channel = stbi__get8(s);
+      act_comp |= packet->channel;
+
+      if (stbi__at_eof(s)) {
+          stbi__rewind( s );
+          return 0;
+      }
+      if (packet->size != 8) {
+          stbi__rewind( s );
+          return 0;
+      }
+   } while (chained);
+
+   *comp = (act_comp & 0x10 ? 4 : 3);
+
+   return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+// *************************************************************************************************
+// Portable Gray Map and Portable Pixel Map loader
+// by Ken Miller
+//
+// PGM: http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pgm.html
+// PPM: http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/ppm.html
+//
+// Known limitations:
+//    Does not support comments in the header section
+//    Does not support ASCII image data (formats P2 and P3)
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_PNM
+
+static int      stbi__pnm_test(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   char p, t;
+   p = (char) stbi__get8(s);
+   t = (char) stbi__get8(s);
+   if (p != 'P' || (t != '5' && t != '6')) {
+       stbi__rewind( s );
+       return 0;
+   }
+   return 1;
+}
+
+static void *stbi__pnm_load(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp, int req_comp, stbi__result_info *ri)
+{
+   stbi_uc *out;
+   STBI_NOTUSED(ri);
+
+   ri->bits_per_channel = stbi__pnm_info(s, (int *)&s->img_x, (int *)&s->img_y, (int *)&s->img_n);
+   if (ri->bits_per_channel == 0)
+      return 0;
+
+   if (s->img_y > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__errpuc("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+   if (s->img_x > STBI_MAX_DIMENSIONS) return stbi__errpuc("too large","Very large image (corrupt?)");
+
+   *x = s->img_x;
+   *y = s->img_y;
+   if (comp) *comp = s->img_n;
+
+   if (!stbi__mad4sizes_valid(s->img_n, s->img_x, s->img_y, ri->bits_per_channel / 8, 0))
+      return stbi__errpuc("too large", "PNM too large");
+
+   out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__malloc_mad4(s->img_n, s->img_x, s->img_y, ri->bits_per_channel / 8, 0);
+   if (!out) return stbi__errpuc("outofmem", "Out of memory");
+   if (!stbi__getn(s, out, s->img_n * s->img_x * s->img_y * (ri->bits_per_channel / 8))) {
+      STBI_FREE(out);
+      return stbi__errpuc("bad PNM", "PNM file truncated");
+   }
+
+   if (req_comp && req_comp != s->img_n) {
+      if (ri->bits_per_channel == 16) {
+         out = (stbi_uc *) stbi__convert_format16((stbi__uint16 *) out, s->img_n, req_comp, s->img_x, s->img_y);
+      } else {
+         out = stbi__convert_format(out, s->img_n, req_comp, s->img_x, s->img_y);
+      }
+      if (out == NULL) return out; // stbi__convert_format frees input on failure
+   }
+   return out;
+}
+
+static int      stbi__pnm_isspace(char c)
+{
+   return c == ' ' || c == '\t' || c == '\n' || c == '\v' || c == '\f' || c == '\r';
+}
+
+static void     stbi__pnm_skip_whitespace(stbi__context *s, char *c)
+{
+   for (;;) {
+      while (!stbi__at_eof(s) && stbi__pnm_isspace(*c))
+         *c = (char) stbi__get8(s);
+
+      if (stbi__at_eof(s) || *c != '#')
+         break;
+
+      while (!stbi__at_eof(s) && *c != '\n' && *c != '\r' )
+         *c = (char) stbi__get8(s);
+   }
+}
+
+static int      stbi__pnm_isdigit(char c)
+{
+   return c >= '0' && c <= '9';
+}
+
+static int      stbi__pnm_getinteger(stbi__context *s, char *c)
+{
+   int value = 0;
+
+   while (!stbi__at_eof(s) && stbi__pnm_isdigit(*c)) {
+      value = value*10 + (*c - '0');
+      *c = (char) stbi__get8(s);
+      if((value > 214748364) || (value == 214748364 && *c > '7'))
+          return stbi__err("integer parse overflow", "Parsing an integer in the PPM header overflowed a 32-bit int");
+   }
+
+   return value;
+}
+
+static int      stbi__pnm_info(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+   int maxv, dummy;
+   char c, p, t;
+
+   if (!x) x = &dummy;
+   if (!y) y = &dummy;
+   if (!comp) comp = &dummy;
+
+   stbi__rewind(s);
+
+   // Get identifier
+   p = (char) stbi__get8(s);
+   t = (char) stbi__get8(s);
+   if (p != 'P' || (t != '5' && t != '6')) {
+       stbi__rewind(s);
+       return 0;
+   }
+
+   *comp = (t == '6') ? 3 : 1;  // '5' is 1-component .pgm; '6' is 3-component .ppm
+
+   c = (char) stbi__get8(s);
+   stbi__pnm_skip_whitespace(s, &c);
+
+   *x = stbi__pnm_getinteger(s, &c); // read width
+   if(*x == 0)
+       return stbi__err("invalid width", "PPM image header had zero or overflowing width");
+   stbi__pnm_skip_whitespace(s, &c);
+
+   *y = stbi__pnm_getinteger(s, &c); // read height
+   if (*y == 0)
+       return stbi__err("invalid width", "PPM image header had zero or overflowing width");
+   stbi__pnm_skip_whitespace(s, &c);
+
+   maxv = stbi__pnm_getinteger(s, &c);  // read max value
+   if (maxv > 65535)
+      return stbi__err("max value > 65535", "PPM image supports only 8-bit and 16-bit images");
+   else if (maxv > 255)
+      return 16;
+   else
+      return 8;
+}
+
+static int stbi__pnm_is16(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   if (stbi__pnm_info(s, NULL, NULL, NULL) == 16)
+           return 1;
+   return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int stbi__info_main(stbi__context *s, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_JPEG
+   if (stbi__jpeg_info(s, x, y, comp)) return 1;
+   #endif
+
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_PNG
+   if (stbi__png_info(s, x, y, comp))  return 1;
+   #endif
+
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_GIF
+   if (stbi__gif_info(s, x, y, comp))  return 1;
+   #endif
+
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_BMP
+   if (stbi__bmp_info(s, x, y, comp))  return 1;
+   #endif
+
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_PSD
+   if (stbi__psd_info(s, x, y, comp))  return 1;
+   #endif
+
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_PIC
+   if (stbi__pic_info(s, x, y, comp))  return 1;
+   #endif
+
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_PNM
+   if (stbi__pnm_info(s, x, y, comp))  return 1;
+   #endif
+
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_HDR
+   if (stbi__hdr_info(s, x, y, comp))  return 1;
+   #endif
+
+   // test tga last because it's a crappy test!
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_TGA
+   if (stbi__tga_info(s, x, y, comp))
+       return 1;
+   #endif
+   return stbi__err("unknown image type", "Image not of any known type, or corrupt");
+}
+
+static int stbi__is_16_main(stbi__context *s)
+{
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_PNG
+   if (stbi__png_is16(s))  return 1;
+   #endif
+
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_PSD
+   if (stbi__psd_is16(s))  return 1;
+   #endif
+
+   #ifndef STBI_NO_PNM
+   if (stbi__pnm_is16(s))  return 1;
+   #endif
+   return 0;
+}
+
+#ifndef STBI_NO_STDIO
+STBIDEF int stbi_info(char const *filename, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+    FILE *f = stbi__fopen(filename, "rb");
+    int result;
+    if (!f) return stbi__err("can't fopen", "Unable to open file");
+    result = stbi_info_from_file(f, x, y, comp);
+    fclose(f);
+    return result;
+}
+
+STBIDEF int stbi_info_from_file(FILE *f, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+   int r;
+   stbi__context s;
+   long pos = ftell(f);
+   stbi__start_file(&s, f);
+   r = stbi__info_main(&s,x,y,comp);
+   fseek(f,pos,SEEK_SET);
+   return r;
+}
+
+STBIDEF int stbi_is_16_bit(char const *filename)
+{
+    FILE *f = stbi__fopen(filename, "rb");
+    int result;
+    if (!f) return stbi__err("can't fopen", "Unable to open file");
+    result = stbi_is_16_bit_from_file(f);
+    fclose(f);
+    return result;
+}
+
+STBIDEF int stbi_is_16_bit_from_file(FILE *f)
+{
+   int r;
+   stbi__context s;
+   long pos = ftell(f);
+   stbi__start_file(&s, f);
+   r = stbi__is_16_main(&s);
+   fseek(f,pos,SEEK_SET);
+   return r;
+}
+#endif // !STBI_NO_STDIO
+
+STBIDEF int stbi_info_from_memory(stbi_uc const *buffer, int len, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_mem(&s,buffer,len);
+   return stbi__info_main(&s,x,y,comp);
+}
+
+STBIDEF int stbi_info_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const *c, void *user, int *x, int *y, int *comp)
+{
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_callbacks(&s, (stbi_io_callbacks *) c, user);
+   return stbi__info_main(&s,x,y,comp);
+}
+
+STBIDEF int stbi_is_16_bit_from_memory(stbi_uc const *buffer, int len)
+{
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_mem(&s,buffer,len);
+   return stbi__is_16_main(&s);
+}
+
+STBIDEF int stbi_is_16_bit_from_callbacks(stbi_io_callbacks const *c, void *user)
+{
+   stbi__context s;
+   stbi__start_callbacks(&s, (stbi_io_callbacks *) c, user);
+   return stbi__is_16_main(&s);
+}
+
+#endif // STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
+
+/*
+   revision history:
+      2.20  (2019-02-07) support utf8 filenames in Windows; fix warnings and platform ifdefs
+      2.19  (2018-02-11) fix warning
+      2.18  (2018-01-30) fix warnings
+      2.17  (2018-01-29) change sbti__shiftsigned to avoid clang -O2 bug
+                         1-bit BMP
+                         *_is_16_bit api
+                         avoid warnings
+      2.16  (2017-07-23) all functions have 16-bit variants;
+                         STBI_NO_STDIO works again;
+                         compilation fixes;
+                         fix rounding in unpremultiply;
+                         optimize vertical flip;
+                         disable raw_len validation;
+                         documentation fixes
+      2.15  (2017-03-18) fix png-1,2,4 bug; now all Imagenet JPGs decode;
+                         warning fixes; disable run-time SSE detection on gcc;
+                         uniform handling of optional "return" values;
+                         thread-safe initialization of zlib tables
+      2.14  (2017-03-03) remove deprecated STBI_JPEG_OLD; fixes for Imagenet JPGs
+      2.13  (2016-11-29) add 16-bit API, only supported for PNG right now
+      2.12  (2016-04-02) fix typo in 2.11 PSD fix that caused crashes
+      2.11  (2016-04-02) allocate large structures on the stack
+                         remove white matting for transparent PSD
+                         fix reported channel count for PNG & BMP
+                         re-enable SSE2 in non-gcc 64-bit
+                         support RGB-formatted JPEG
+                         read 16-bit PNGs (only as 8-bit)
+      2.10  (2016-01-22) avoid warning introduced in 2.09 by STBI_REALLOC_SIZED
+      2.09  (2016-01-16) allow comments in PNM files
+                         16-bit-per-pixel TGA (not bit-per-component)
+                         info() for TGA could break due to .hdr handling
+                         info() for BMP to shares code instead of sloppy parse
+                         can use STBI_REALLOC_SIZED if allocator doesn't support realloc
+                         code cleanup
+      2.08  (2015-09-13) fix to 2.07 cleanup, reading RGB PSD as RGBA
+      2.07  (2015-09-13) fix compiler warnings
+                         partial animated GIF support
+                         limited 16-bpc PSD support
+                         #ifdef unused functions
+                         bug with < 92 byte PIC,PNM,HDR,TGA
+      2.06  (2015-04-19) fix bug where PSD returns wrong '*comp' value
+      2.05  (2015-04-19) fix bug in progressive JPEG handling, fix warning
+      2.04  (2015-04-15) try to re-enable SIMD on MinGW 64-bit
+      2.03  (2015-04-12) extra corruption checking (mmozeiko)
+                         stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load (nguillemot)
+                         fix NEON support; fix mingw support
+      2.02  (2015-01-19) fix incorrect assert, fix warning
+      2.01  (2015-01-17) fix various warnings; suppress SIMD on gcc 32-bit without -msse2
+      2.00b (2014-12-25) fix STBI_MALLOC in progressive JPEG
+      2.00  (2014-12-25) optimize JPG, including x86 SSE2 & NEON SIMD (ryg)
+                         progressive JPEG (stb)
+                         PGM/PPM support (Ken Miller)
+                         STBI_MALLOC,STBI_REALLOC,STBI_FREE
+                         GIF bugfix -- seemingly never worked
+                         STBI_NO_*, STBI_ONLY_*
+      1.48  (2014-12-14) fix incorrectly-named assert()
+      1.47  (2014-12-14) 1/2/4-bit PNG support, both direct and paletted (Omar Cornut & stb)
+                         optimize PNG (ryg)
+                         fix bug in interlaced PNG with user-specified channel count (stb)
+      1.46  (2014-08-26)
+              fix broken tRNS chunk (colorkey-style transparency) in non-paletted PNG
+      1.45  (2014-08-16)
+              fix MSVC-ARM internal compiler error by wrapping malloc
+      1.44  (2014-08-07)
+              various warning fixes from Ronny Chevalier
+      1.43  (2014-07-15)
+              fix MSVC-only compiler problem in code changed in 1.42
+      1.42  (2014-07-09)
+              don't define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS (affects user code)
+              fixes to stbi__cleanup_jpeg path
+              added STBI_ASSERT to avoid requiring assert.h
+      1.41  (2014-06-25)
+              fix search&replace from 1.36 that messed up comments/error messages
+      1.40  (2014-06-22)
+              fix gcc struct-initialization warning
+      1.39  (2014-06-15)
+              fix to TGA optimization when req_comp != number of components in TGA;
+              fix to GIF loading because BMP wasn't rewinding (whoops, no GIFs in my test suite)
+              add support for BMP version 5 (more ignored fields)
+      1.38  (2014-06-06)
+              suppress MSVC warnings on integer casts truncating values
+              fix accidental rename of 'skip' field of I/O
+      1.37  (2014-06-04)
+              remove duplicate typedef
+      1.36  (2014-06-03)
+              convert to header file single-file library
+              if de-iphone isn't set, load iphone images color-swapped instead of returning NULL
+      1.35  (2014-05-27)
+              various warnings
+              fix broken STBI_SIMD path
+              fix bug where stbi_load_from_file no longer left file pointer in correct place
+              fix broken non-easy path for 32-bit BMP (possibly never used)
+              TGA optimization by Arseny Kapoulkine
+      1.34  (unknown)
+              use STBI_NOTUSED in stbi__resample_row_generic(), fix one more leak in tga failure case
+      1.33  (2011-07-14)
+              make stbi_is_hdr work in STBI_NO_HDR (as specified), minor compiler-friendly improvements
+      1.32  (2011-07-13)
+              support for "info" function for all supported filetypes (SpartanJ)
+      1.31  (2011-06-20)
+              a few more leak fixes, bug in PNG handling (SpartanJ)
+      1.30  (2011-06-11)
+              added ability to load files via callbacks to accomidate custom input streams (Ben Wenger)
+              removed deprecated format-specific test/load functions
+              removed support for installable file formats (stbi_loader) -- would have been broken for IO callbacks anyway
+              error cases in bmp and tga give messages and don't leak (Raymond Barbiero, grisha)
+              fix inefficiency in decoding 32-bit BMP (David Woo)
+      1.29  (2010-08-16)
+              various warning fixes from Aurelien Pocheville
+      1.28  (2010-08-01)
+              fix bug in GIF palette transparency (SpartanJ)
+      1.27  (2010-08-01)
+              cast-to-stbi_uc to fix warnings
+      1.26  (2010-07-24)
+              fix bug in file buffering for PNG reported by SpartanJ
+      1.25  (2010-07-17)
+              refix trans_data warning (Won Chun)
+      1.24  (2010-07-12)
+              perf improvements reading from files on platforms with lock-heavy fgetc()
+              minor perf improvements for jpeg
+              deprecated type-specific functions so we'll get feedback if they're needed
+              attempt to fix trans_data warning (Won Chun)
+      1.23    fixed bug in iPhone support
+      1.22  (2010-07-10)
+              removed image *writing* support
+              stbi_info support from Jetro Lauha
+              GIF support from Jean-Marc Lienher
+              iPhone PNG-extensions from James Brown
+              warning-fixes from Nicolas Schulz and Janez Zemva (i.stbi__err. Janez (U+017D)emva)
+      1.21    fix use of 'stbi_uc' in header (reported by jon blow)
+      1.20    added support for Softimage PIC, by Tom Seddon
+      1.19    bug in interlaced PNG corruption check (found by ryg)
+      1.18  (2008-08-02)
+              fix a threading bug (local mutable static)
+      1.17    support interlaced PNG
+      1.16    major bugfix - stbi__convert_format converted one too many pixels
+      1.15    initialize some fields for thread safety
+      1.14    fix threadsafe conversion bug
+              header-file-only version (#define STBI_HEADER_FILE_ONLY before including)
+      1.13    threadsafe
+      1.12    const qualifiers in the API
+      1.11    Support installable IDCT, colorspace conversion routines
+      1.10    Fixes for 64-bit (don't use "unsigned long")
+              optimized upsampling by Fabian "ryg" Giesen
+      1.09    Fix format-conversion for PSD code (bad global variables!)
+      1.08    Thatcher Ulrich's PSD code integrated by Nicolas Schulz
+      1.07    attempt to fix C++ warning/errors again
+      1.06    attempt to fix C++ warning/errors again
+      1.05    fix TGA loading to return correct *comp and use good luminance calc
+      1.04    default float alpha is 1, not 255; use 'void *' for stbi_image_free
+      1.03    bugfixes to STBI_NO_STDIO, STBI_NO_HDR
+      1.02    support for (subset of) HDR files, float interface for preferred access to them
+      1.01    fix bug: possible bug in handling right-side up bmps... not sure
+              fix bug: the stbi__bmp_load() and stbi__tga_load() functions didn't work at all
+      1.00    interface to zlib that skips zlib header
+      0.99    correct handling of alpha in palette
+      0.98    TGA loader by lonesock; dynamically add loaders (untested)
+      0.97    jpeg errors on too large a file; also catch another malloc failure
+      0.96    fix detection of invalid v value - particleman@mollyrocket forum
+      0.95    during header scan, seek to markers in case of padding
+      0.94    STBI_NO_STDIO to disable stdio usage; rename all #defines the same
+      0.93    handle jpegtran output; verbose errors
+      0.92    read 4,8,16,24,32-bit BMP files of several formats
+      0.91    output 24-bit Windows 3.0 BMP files
+      0.90    fix a few more warnings; bump version number to approach 1.0
+      0.61    bugfixes due to Marc LeBlanc, Christopher Lloyd
+      0.60    fix compiling as c++
+      0.59    fix warnings: merge Dave Moore's -Wall fixes
+      0.58    fix bug: zlib uncompressed mode len/nlen was wrong endian
+      0.57    fix bug: jpg last huffman symbol before marker was >9 bits but less than 16 available
+      0.56    fix bug: zlib uncompressed mode len vs. nlen
+      0.55    fix bug: restart_interval not initialized to 0
+      0.54    allow NULL for 'int *comp'
+      0.53    fix bug in png 3->4; speedup png decoding
+      0.52    png handles req_comp=3,4 directly; minor cleanup; jpeg comments
+      0.51    obey req_comp requests, 1-component jpegs return as 1-component,
+              on 'test' only check type, not whether we support this variant
+      0.50  (2006-11-19)
+              first released version
+*/
+
+
+/*
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+This software is available under 2 licenses -- choose whichever you prefer.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ALTERNATIVE A - MIT License
+Copyright (c) 2017 Sean Barrett
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
+of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+so, subject to the following conditions:
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ALTERNATIVE B - Public Domain (www.unlicense.org)
+This is free and unencumbered software released into the public domain.
+Anyone is free to copy, modify, publish, use, compile, sell, or distribute this
+software, either in source code form or as a compiled binary, for any purpose,
+commercial or non-commercial, and by any means.
+In jurisdictions that recognize copyright laws, the author or authors of this
+software dedicate any and all copyright interest in the software to the public
+domain. We make this dedication for the benefit of the public at large and to
+the detriment of our heirs and successors. We intend this dedication to be an
+overt act of relinquishment in perpetuity of all present and future rights to
+this software under copyright law.
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN
+ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+*/
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Image.hsc b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Image.hsc
index f9fc025..db90afe 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Image.hsc
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Image.hsc
@@ -46,24 +46,24 @@ data CImage = CImage
 instance Storable CImage where

     sizeOf _    = #{size Image}

     alignment _ = alignment (undefined :: CInt)

-    

+

     peek ptr = do

         width  <- #{peek Image, width}  ptr

         height <- #{peek Image, height} ptr

         bpp    <- #{peek Image, bpp}    ptr

         pixels <- #{peek Image, pixels} ptr

         return $ CImage width height bpp pixels

-    

+

     poke ptr (CImage width height bpp pixels) = do

         #{poke Image, width}  ptr width

         #{poke Image, height} ptr height

         #{poke Image, bpp}    ptr bpp

         #{poke Image, pixels} ptr pixels

 

--- | Represents an image 'Resource'.

+-- | An image resource.

 data Image = Image

     { imageData :: CImage

-    , rkey      :: Resource

+    , rkey      :: ReleaseKey

     }

 

 instance ResourceClass Image where

@@ -84,15 +84,15 @@ loadImage file = do
     dotPos <- case elemIndex '.' file of

             Nothing -> gameError $ "file name has no extension: " ++ file

             Just p  -> return p

-    

+

     let ext = map toLower . tail . snd $ splitAt dotPos file

-    

-    result <- gameIO . alloca $ \ptr -> do

+

+    result <- liftIO . alloca $ \ptr -> do

         status <- withCString file $ \fileCstr -> do

             case ext of

                 "bmp" -> bmp_load fileCstr ptr

                 _     -> return ImageNoSuitableLoader

-        

+

         case status of

             ImageSuccess               -> peek ptr >>= return . Right

             ImageReadError             -> return . Left $ "read error"

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ loadImage file = do
             ImageFileNotFound          -> return . Left $ "file not found"

             ImageInvalidFormat         -> return . Left $ "invalid format"

             ImageNoSuitableLoader      -> return . Left $ "no suitable loader for extension " ++ ext

-        

+

     case result of

         Right image -> register (freeImage image) >>= return . Image image

         Left  err   -> gameError $ "loadImage: " ++ err

diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Image/BMP/BMP_load.c b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Image/BMP/BMP_load.c
index 5c1b195..5c1b195 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Image/BMP/BMP_load.c
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Image/BMP/BMP_load.c
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Image/BMP/BMP_load.h b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Image/BMP/BMP_load.h
index f4ad32f..f4ad32f 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Image/BMP/BMP_load.h
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Image/BMP/BMP_load.h
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Image/Image.c b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Image/Image.c
index f4150e1..f4150e1 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Image/Image.c
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Image/Image.c
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Image/Image.h b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Image/Image.h
index aaca5e9..aaca5e9 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Image/Image.h
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Image/Image.h
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Image/Image_error_code.h b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Image/Image_error_code.h
index dc54fc2..dc54fc2 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Image/Image_error_code.h
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Image/Image_error_code.h
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Image/sys_types.h b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Image/sys_types.h
index 6aca9e9..6aca9e9 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Image/sys_types.h
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Image/sys_types.h
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Model.hsc b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model.hsc
index 74666f2..02e1edf 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Model.hsc
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model.hsc
@@ -65,12 +65,12 @@ data Vec2 = Vec2 {-# UNPACK #-} !Float {-# UNPACK #-} !Float
 instance Storable Vec2 where

     sizeOf _ = 2*sizeFloat

     alignment _ = alignment (undefined :: CFloat)

-    

+

     peek ptr = do

         f0 <- peekByteOff ptr 0

         f1 <- peekByteOff ptr sizeFloat

         return $ Vec2 f0 f1

-    

+

     poke ptr (Vec2 f0 f1) = do

         pokeByteOff ptr 0         f0

         pokeByteOff ptr sizeFloat f1

@@ -81,13 +81,13 @@ data Vec3 = Vec3 {-# UNPACK #-} !Float {-# UNPACK #-} !Float {-# UNPACK #-} !Flo
 instance Storable Vec3 where

     sizeOf _ = 3*sizeFloat

     alignment _ = alignment (undefined :: CFloat)

-    

+

     peek ptr = do

         f0 <- peekByteOff ptr 0

         f1 <- peekByteOff ptr sizeFloat

         f2 <- peekByteOff ptr (2*sizeFloat)

         return $ Vec3 f0 f1 f2

-    

+

     poke ptr (Vec3 f0 f1 f2) = do

         pokeByteOff ptr 0             f0

         pokeByteOff ptr sizeFloat     f1

@@ -99,12 +99,12 @@ data TexCoord = TexCoord {-# UNPACK #-} !Float {-# UNPACK #-} !Float
 instance Storable TexCoord where

     sizeOf _ = 2*sizeFloat

     alignment _ = alignment (undefined :: CFloat)

-    

+

     peek ptr = do

         f0 <- peekByteOff ptr 0

         f1 <- peekByteOff ptr sizeFloat

         return $ TexCoord f0 f1

-    

+

     poke ptr (TexCoord f0 f1) = do

         pokeByteOff ptr 0         f0

         pokeByteOff ptr sizeFloat f1

@@ -122,23 +122,23 @@ data CTriangle = CTriangle
 instance Storable CTriangle where

     sizeOf _ = #{size triangle}

     alignment _ = alignment (undefined :: CUShort)

-    

+

     peek ptr = do

         v0 <- #{peek triangle, vertexIndices[0]} ptr

         v1 <- #{peek triangle, vertexIndices[1]} ptr

         v2 <- #{peek triangle, vertexIndices[2]} ptr

-        

+

         t0 <- #{peek triangle, textureIndices[0]} ptr

         t1 <- #{peek triangle, textureIndices[1]} ptr

         t2 <- #{peek triangle, textureIndices[2]} ptr

-        

+

         return $ CTriangle v0 v1 v2 t0 t1 t2

-    

+

     poke ptr (CTriangle v0 v1 v2 t0 t1 t2) = do

         #{poke triangle, vertexIndices[0]} ptr v0

         #{poke triangle, vertexIndices[1]} ptr v1

         #{poke triangle, vertexIndices[2]} ptr v2

-        

+

         #{poke triangle, textureIndices[0]} ptr t0

         #{poke triangle, textureIndices[1]} ptr t1

         #{poke triangle, textureIndices[2]} ptr t2

@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ data Box = Box {-# UNPACK #-} !Vec3 {-# UNPACK #-} !Vec3
 instance Storable Box where

     sizeOf _ = 6 * sizeFloat

     alignment _ = alignment (undefined :: CFloat)

-    

+

     peek ptr = do

         xmin <- peekByteOff ptr 0

         ymin <- peekByteOff ptr sizeFloat

@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ instance Storable Box where
         ymax <- peekByteOff ptr $ 4*sizeFloat

         zmax <- peekByteOff ptr $ 5*sizeFloat

         return $ Box (Vec3 xmin ymin zmin) (Vec3 xmax ymax zmax)

-    

+

     poke ptr (Box (Vec3 xmin ymin zmin) (Vec3 xmax ymax zmax)) = do

         pokeByteOff ptr 0             xmin

         pokeByteOff ptr sizeFloat     ymin

@@ -173,11 +173,11 @@ newtype Skin = Skin { skinName :: B.ByteString }
 instance Storable Skin where

     sizeOf (Skin s) = 64

     alignment _ = 1

-    

+

     peek ptr = do

         s <- B.packCString $ unsafeCoerce ptr

         return $ Skin s

-    

+

     poke ptr (Skin s) = do

         B.useAsCStringLen s $ \(sptr, len) -> copyArray (unsafeCoerce ptr) sptr len

 

@@ -193,13 +193,13 @@ data Animation = Animation
 instance Storable Animation where

     sizeOf _    = #{size animation}

     alignment _ = alignment (undefined :: CUInt)

-    

+

     peek ptr = do

         name  <- B.packCString (unsafeCoerce ptr)

         start <- #{peek animation, start} ptr

         end   <- #{peek animation, end}   ptr

         return $ Animation name start end

-    

+

     poke ptr (Animation name start end) = do

         B.useAsCStringLen name $ \(sptr, len) -> copyArray (unsafeCoerce ptr) sptr len

         #{poke animation, start} ptr start

@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ data Model = Model
 instance Storable Model where

     sizeOf _    = #{size Model}

     alignment _ = alignment (undefined :: CUInt)

-    

+

     peek ptr = do

         numFrames     <- #{peek Model, numFrames}     ptr

         numVertices   <- #{peek Model, numVertices}   ptr

@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ instance Storable Model where
         numTexCoords  <- #{peek Model, numTexCoords}  ptr

         numSkins      <- #{peek Model, numSkins}      ptr

         numAnimations <- #{peek Model, numAnimations} ptr

-        pVerts        <- peek (unsafeCoerce ptr) 

+        pVerts        <- peek (unsafeCoerce ptr)

         pNormals      <- peekByteOff ptr sizePtr

         pTexCoords    <- peekByteOff ptr (2*sizePtr)

         pTriangles    <- peekByteOff ptr (3*sizePtr)

@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ instance Storable Model where
         return $

             Model vertices normals texCoords triangles skins animations

                   numFrames numVertices numTriangles numTexCoords numSkins numAnimations

-    

+

     poke ptr

         (Model verts normals texCoords tris skins animations

          numFrames numVerts numTris numTex numSkins numAnimations) =

@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ data Triangle = Triangle
 instance Storable Triangle where

     sizeOf _ = #{size model_triangle}

     alignment _ = alignment (undefined :: Float)

-    

+

     peek ptr = do

         v0 <- #{peek model_triangle, v0} ptr

         v1 <- #{peek model_triangle, v1} ptr

@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ instance Storable Triangle where
         t1 <- #{peek model_triangle, t1} ptr

         t2 <- #{peek model_triangle, t2} ptr

         return $ Triangle v0 v1 v2 n0 n1 n2 t0 t1 t2

-    

+

     poke ptr (Triangle v0 v1 v2 n0 n1 n2 t0 t1 t2) = do

         #{poke model_triangle, v0} ptr v0

         #{poke model_triangle, v1} ptr v1

@@ -335,16 +335,16 @@ loadModel file = do
     dotPos <- case elemIndex '.' file of

             Nothing -> gameError $ "file name has no extension: " ++ file

             Just p  -> return p

-    

+

     let ext = map toLower . tail . snd $ splitAt dotPos file

-    

-    result <- gameIO . alloca $ \ptr -> do

+

+    result <- liftIO . alloca $ \ptr -> do

         status <- withCString file $ \fileCstr -> do

             case ext of

                 "md2" -> md2_load fileCstr 0 0 ptr

                 "obj" -> obj_load fileCstr 0 0 ptr

                 _     -> return ModelNoSuitableLoader

-        

+

         case status of

             ModelSuccess -> do

                 model <- peek ptr

@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ loadModel file = do
             ModelFileNotFound           -> return . Left $ "file not found"

             ModelFileMismatch           -> return . Left $ "file mismatch"

             ModelNoSuitableLoader       -> return . Left $ "no suitable loader for extension " ++ ext

-    

+

     case result of

         Right model -> return model

         Left err    -> gameError $ "loadModel: " ++ err

@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ transformVerts model f = model { vertices = vertices' }
     where

         n = numVerts model * numFrames model

         vertices' = S.generate n f'

-        f' i = f $ vertices model S.! i 

+        f' i = f $ vertices model S.! i

 

 -- | Transform the model's normals.

 transformNormals :: Model -> (Vec3 -> Vec3) -> Model

@@ -400,14 +400,14 @@ transformNormals model f = model { normals = normals' }
     where

         n = numVerts model * numFrames model

         normals' = S.generate n f'

-        f' i = f $ normals model S.! i 

+        f' i = f $ normals model S.! i

 

 -- | Translate the model such that its lowest point has y = 0.

 toGround :: Model -> IO Model

 toGround model =

     let model' = model { vertices = S.generate n $ \i -> vertices model S.! i }

         n = numVerts model * numFrames model

-    in    

+    in

         with model' model_to_ground >> return model'

 

 foreign import ccall "Model.h model_to_ground"

diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Model/MD2/MD2_load.c b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/MD2/MD2_load.c
index 92b1ac2..92b1ac2 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Model/MD2/MD2_load.c
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/MD2/MD2_load.c
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Model/MD2/MD2_load.h b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/MD2/MD2_load.h
index 689f9d1..689f9d1 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Model/MD2/MD2_load.h
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/MD2/MD2_load.h
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Model/Model.c b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/Model.c
index fd588ec..fd588ec 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Model/Model.c
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/Model.c
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Model/Model.h b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/Model.h
index 0f2aece..0f2aece 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Model/Model.h
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/Model.h
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Model/Model_error_code.h b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/Model_error_code.h
index d306052..d306052 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Model/Model_error_code.h
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/Model_error_code.h
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/Makefile b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/Makefile
index 9630c9d..9630c9d 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/Makefile
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/Makefile
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/OBJ_load.c b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/OBJ_load.c
index cdd39c9..cdd39c9 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/OBJ_load.c
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/OBJ_load.c
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/OBJ_load.h b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/OBJ_load.h
index 485d3cc..485d3cc 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/OBJ_load.h
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/OBJ_load.h
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/cvector.c b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/cvector.c
index 9213d8d..9213d8d 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/cvector.c
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/cvector.c
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/cvector.h b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/cvector.h
index 2c269e4..2c269e4 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/cvector.h
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/OBJ/cvector.h
diff --git a/Spear/Assets/Model/sys_types.h b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/sys_types.h
index 6aca9e9..6aca9e9 100644
--- a/Spear/Assets/Model/sys_types.h
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Assets/Model/sys_types.h
diff --git a/Spear/GL.hs b/Spear/old/Spear/GL.hs
index f463109..3c1734b 100644
--- a/Spear/GL.hs
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/GL.hs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ module Spear.GL
     Data.StateVar.get,

 

     -- * VAOs

-    VAO,

+    VAO(..),

     newVAO,

     bindVAO,

     unbindVAO,

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ module Spear.GL
     drawElements,

 

     -- * Buffers

-    GLBuffer,

+    GLBuffer(..),

     TargetBuffer (..),

     BufferUsage (..),

     newBuffer,

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ import           Unsafe.Coerce
 -- | A GLSL shader handle.

 data GLSLShader = GLSLShader

   { getShader    :: GLuint,

-    getShaderKey :: Resource

+    getShaderKey :: ReleaseKey

   }

 

 instance ResourceClass GLSLShader where

@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ instance ResourceClass GLSLShader where
 -- | A GLSL program handle.

 data GLSLProgram = GLSLProgram

   { getProgram    :: GLuint,

-    getProgramKey :: Resource

+    getProgramKey :: ReleaseKey

   }

 

 instance ResourceClass GLSLProgram where

@@ -173,11 +173,11 @@ attribLocation prog var = makeStateVar get set
 -- | Create a new program.

 newProgram :: [GLSLShader] -> Game s GLSLProgram

 newProgram shaders = do

-  h <- gameIO glCreateProgram

+  h <- liftIO glCreateProgram

   when (h == 0) $ gameError "glCreateProgram failed"

   rkey <- register $ deleteProgram h

   let program = GLSLProgram h rkey

-  mapM_ (gameIO . attachShader program) shaders

+  mapM_ (liftIO . attachShader program) shaders

   linkProgram program

   return program

 

@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ deleteProgram prog = do
 linkProgram :: GLSLProgram -> Game s ()

 linkProgram prog = do

   let h = getProgram prog

-  err <- gameIO $ do

+  err <- liftIO $ do

     glLinkProgram h

     alloca $ \statptr -> do

       glGetProgramiv h GL_LINK_STATUS statptr

@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ loadShader shaderType file = do
 -- | Create a new shader.

 newShader :: ShaderType -> Game s GLSLShader

 newShader shaderType = do

-  h <- gameIO $ glCreateShader (toGLShader shaderType)

+  h <- liftIO $ glCreateShader (toGLShader shaderType)

   case h of

     0 -> gameError "glCreateShader failed"

     _ -> do

@@ -253,10 +253,10 @@ deleteShader shader = do
 -- into the shader.

 loadSource :: FilePath -> GLSLShader -> Game s ()

 loadSource file h = do

-  exists <- gameIO $ doesFileExist file

+  exists <- liftIO $ doesFileExist file

   case exists of

     False -> gameError "the specified shader file does not exist"

-    True -> gameIO $ do

+    True -> liftIO $ do

       code <- readSource file

       withCString code $ shaderSource h

 

@@ -272,10 +272,10 @@ compile file shader = do
   let h = getShader shader

 

   -- Compile

-  gameIO $ glCompileShader h

+  liftIO $ glCompileShader h

 

   -- Verify status

-  err <- gameIO $

+  err <- liftIO $

     alloca $ \statusPtr -> do

       glGetShaderiv h GL_COMPILE_STATUS statusPtr

       result <- peek statusPtr

@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ instance Uniform [Int] where
 -- | A vertex array object.

 data VAO = VAO

   { getVAO :: GLuint,

-    vaoKey :: Resource

+    vaoKey :: ReleaseKey

   }

 

 instance ResourceClass VAO where

@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ instance Ord VAO where
 -- | Create a new vao.

 newVAO :: Game s VAO

 newVAO = do

-  h <- gameIO . alloca $ \ptr -> do

+  h <- liftIO . alloca $ \ptr -> do

     glGenVertexArrays 1 ptr

     peek ptr

 

@@ -533,11 +533,11 @@ drawElements mode count t idxs = glDrawElements mode (unsafeCoerce count) t idxs
 -- | An OpenGL buffer.

 data GLBuffer = GLBuffer

   { getBuffer :: GLuint,

-    rkey      :: Resource

+    bufferKey :: ReleaseKey

   }

 

 instance ResourceClass GLBuffer where

-  getResource = rkey

+  getResource = bufferKey

 

 -- | The type of target buffer.

 data TargetBuffer

@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ fromUsage DynamicCopy = GL_DYNAMIC_COPY
 -- | Create a new buffer.

 newBuffer :: Game s GLBuffer

 newBuffer = do

-  h <- gameIO . alloca $ \ptr -> do

+  h <- liftIO . alloca $ \ptr -> do

     glGenBuffers 1 ptr

     peek ptr

 

@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ withGLBuffer buf f = f $ getBuffer buf
 -- | Represents a texture resource.

 data Texture = Texture

   { getTex :: GLuint,

-    texKey :: Resource

+    texKey :: ReleaseKey

   }

 

 instance Eq Texture where

@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ instance ResourceClass Texture where
 -- | Create a new texture.

 newTexture :: Game s Texture

 newTexture = do

-  tex <- gameIO . alloca $ \ptr -> do

+  tex <- liftIO . alloca $ \ptr -> do

     glGenTextures 1 ptr

     peek ptr

 

@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ loadTextureImage ::
 loadTextureImage file minFilter magFilter = do

   image <- loadImage file

   tex <- newTexture

-  gameIO $ do

+  liftIO $ do

     let w = width image

         h = height image

         pix = pixels image

@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ printGLError =
 assertGL :: Game s a -> String -> Game s a

 assertGL action err = do

   result <- action

-  status <- gameIO getGLError

+  status <- liftIO getGLError

   case status of

     Just str -> gameError $ "OpenGL error raised: " ++ err ++ "; " ++ str

     Nothing  -> return result

diff --git a/Spear/Math/Collision.hs b/Spear/old/Spear/Math/Collision.hs
index 4412b10..4412b10 100644
--- a/Spear/Math/Collision.hs
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Math/Collision.hs
diff --git a/Spear/Math/Octree.hs b/Spear/old/Spear/Math/Octree.hs
index 6c22468..6c22468 100644
--- a/Spear/Math/Octree.hs
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Math/Octree.hs
diff --git a/Spear/Render/AnimatedModel.hs b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/AnimatedModel.hs
index 8f0d6bd..e5b29ec 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/AnimatedModel.hs
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/AnimatedModel.hs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ data AnimatedModelResource = AnimatedModelResource
     material  :: Material,

     texture   :: Texture,

     boxes     :: V.Vector Box,

-    rkey      :: Resource

+    rkey      :: ReleaseKey

   }

 

 instance Eq AnimatedModelResource where

@@ -121,12 +121,12 @@ animatedModelResource
   material

   texture

   model = do

-    RenderModel elements numFrames numVertices <- gameIO . renderModelFromModel $ model

+    RenderModel elements numFrames numVertices <- liftIO . renderModelFromModel $ model

     elementBuf <- newBuffer

     vao <- newVAO

-    boxes <- gameIO $ modelBoxes model

+    boxes <- liftIO $ modelBoxes model

 

-    gameIO $ do

+    liftIO $ do

       let elemSize = 56::CUInt

           elemSize' = fromIntegral elemSize

           n = numVertices * numFrames

@@ -149,9 +149,8 @@ animatedModelResource
       enableVAOAttrib texChan

 

     rkey <- register $ do

-      putStrLn "Releasing animated model resource"

-      release' vao

-      release' elementBuf

+      release $ vaoKey vao

+      release $ bufferKey elementBuf

 

     return $

       AnimatedModelResource

diff --git a/Spear/Render/Box.hs b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/Box.hs
index 305ef32..305ef32 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/Box.hs
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/Box.hs
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Light.hs b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/Light.hs
index cc1de1f..cc1de1f 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/Light.hs
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/Light.hs
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Material.hs b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/Material.hs
index d9c60ea..d9c60ea 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/Material.hs
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/Material.hs
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Model.hsc b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/Model.hsc
index ba6bf39..ba6bf39 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/Model.hsc
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/Model.hsc
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Program.hs b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/Program.hs
index b5a8658..b5a8658 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/Program.hs
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/Program.hs
diff --git a/Spear/Render/RenderModel.c b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/RenderModel.c
index 1543052..1543052 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/RenderModel.c
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/RenderModel.c
diff --git a/Spear/Render/RenderModel.h b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/RenderModel.h
index 6a5fb5e..6a5fb5e 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/RenderModel.h
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/RenderModel.h
diff --git a/Spear/Render/Sphere.hs b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/Sphere.hs
index 4e74375..4e74375 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/Sphere.hs
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/Sphere.hs
diff --git a/Spear/Render/StaticModel.hs b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/StaticModel.hs
index f4cddf8..5168cf2 100644
--- a/Spear/Render/StaticModel.hs
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Render/StaticModel.hs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ data StaticModelResource = StaticModelResource
     material  :: Material,

     texture   :: Texture,

     boxes     :: V.Vector Box,

-    rkey      :: Resource

+    rkey      :: ReleaseKey

   }

 

 instance Eq StaticModelResource where

@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ staticModelResource ::
   Model ->

   Game s StaticModelResource

 staticModelResource (StaticProgramChannels vertChan normChan texChan) material texture model = do

-  RenderModel elements _ numVertices <- gameIO . renderModelFromModel $ model

+  RenderModel elements _ numVertices <- liftIO . renderModelFromModel $ model

   elementBuf <- newBuffer

   vao <- newVAO

-  boxes <- gameIO $ modelBoxes model

+  boxes <- liftIO $ modelBoxes model

 

-  gameIO $ do

+  liftIO $ do

     let elemSize = 32::CUInt

         elemSize' = fromIntegral elemSize

         n = numVertices

@@ -98,9 +98,8 @@ staticModelResource (StaticProgramChannels vertChan normChan texChan) material t
     enableVAOAttrib texChan

 

   rkey <- register $ do

-    putStrLn "Releasing static model resource"

-    release' vao

-    release' elementBuf

+    release $ vaoKey vao

+    release $ bufferKey elementBuf

 

   return $

     StaticModelResource

diff --git a/Spear/Scene/Graph.hs b/Spear/old/Spear/Scene/Graph.hs
index 8f8b5f9..8f8b5f9 100644
--- a/Spear/Scene/Graph.hs
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Scene/Graph.hs
diff --git a/Spear/Scene/Loader.hs b/Spear/old/Spear/Scene/Loader.hs
index 3cd89f3..0593c77 100644
--- a/Spear/Scene/Loader.hs
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Scene/Loader.hs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ type Loader = Game SceneResources
 -- | Load the scene specified by the given file.

 loadScene :: FilePath -> Game s (SceneResources, SceneGraph)

 loadScene file = do

-  result <- gameIO $ loadSceneGraphFromFile file

+  result <- liftIO $ loadSceneGraphFromFile file

   case result of

     Left err -> gameError $ show err

     Right g -> case validate g of

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ validate _ = Nothing
 

 -- | Load the scene described by the given 'SceneGraph'.

 resourceMap :: SceneGraph -> Game s SceneResources

-resourceMap g = execSubGame (resourceMap' g) emptySceneResources

+resourceMap g = exec runChildGame emptySceneResources (resourceMap' g)

 

 resourceMap' :: SceneGraph -> Loader ()

 resourceMap' node@(SceneLeaf nid props) = do

@@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ loadResource key field modifyResources load = do
   case M.lookup key $ field sceneData of

     Just val -> return val

     Nothing -> do

-      gameIO $ printf "Loading %s..." key

+      liftIO $ printf "Loading %s..." key

       resource <- load

-      gameIO $ printf "done\n"

+      liftIO $ printf "done\n"

       modifyResources key resource

       return resource

 

@@ -139,9 +139,9 @@ newModel (SceneLeaf _ props) = do
   let rotation = asRotation $ value "rotation" props

       scale = asVec3 $ value "scale" props

 

-  gameIO $ printf "Loading model %s..." name

+  liftIO $ printf "Loading model %s..." name

   model <- loadModel' file rotation scale

-  gameIO . putStrLn $ "done"

+  liftIO . putStrLn $ "done"

   texture <- loadTexture tex

   sceneRes <- get

 

@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ loadModel' file rotation scale = do
                   \(Vec3 x' y' z') -> Vec3 (x s * x') (y s * y') (z s * z')

             )

 

-  (fmap transform $ Model.loadModel file) >>= gameIO . toGround

+  (fmap transform $ Model.loadModel file) >>= liftIO . toGround

 

 rotateModel :: Rotation -> Model -> Model

 rotateModel (Rotation ax ay az order) model =

@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ newShaderProgram (SceneLeaf _ props) = do
   stype <- asString $ mandatory' "type" props

   prog <- GL.newProgram [vertShader, fragShader]

 

-  let getUniformLoc name = (gameIO . SV.get $ GL.uniformLocation prog name) `GL.assertGL` name

+  let getUniformLoc name = (liftIO . SV.get $ GL.uniformLocation prog name) `GL.assertGL` name

 

   case stype of

     "static" -> do

diff --git a/Spear/Scene/SceneResources.hs b/Spear/old/Spear/Scene/SceneResources.hs
index de2fc80..de2fc80 100644
--- a/Spear/Scene/SceneResources.hs
+++ b/Spear/old/Spear/Scene/SceneResources.hs